For String Orchestra. Composed by Ulysses Kay. Score. 16 pages. Carl Fischer Music #BE26. Published by Carl Fischer Music

String Orchestra (set)

SKU: SU.80601800

For String Orchestra (set). Composed by Malcolm Williamson. Strings, String Ensemble. Score & Parts. Edward B. Marks Music #80601800. Published by Edward B. Marks Music (SU.80601800).

String Orchestra Composed: 1976 Published by: E.B. Marks.

Arranged by and ed. Joanne Martin. For 2nd Violin Part. String Ensemble - Mixed. 20 pages. Published by Alfred Publishing.

(26 Trios That Can Be Played by Any Combination of String Instruments). By Doris Gazda. Arranged by Doris Gazda. For String Bass. Book. 48 pages. Published by Carl Fischer

(26 Trios That Can Be Played by Any Combination of String Instruments). By Doris Gazda. Arranged by Doris Gazda. For Cello. Book. 48 pages. Published by Carl Fischer

By Felix Bartholdy Mendelssohn (1809-1847). Arranged by Steven H. Brook. Orchestra. Masterworks; Part(s); Score; String Orchestra. Belwin Concert String Orchestra. Form: Transcription. Masterwork Arrangement; Romantic. Grade 4. 124 pages. Published by Bel

For two Violins and Cello or Violin, Viola and Cello. Composed by George A. Speckert. Edited by George A. Speckert. This edition: anthology. Stapled. Ready to Play. Performance score and parts. 28/12/12/12/12 pages. Baerenreiter Verlag #BA 10647. Published by Baerenreiter Verlag

Orchestra Cello, Contrabass, Piano, Viola, Violin 1, Violin 2, Violin 3 - Grade 2

SKU: CF.YAS182

Composed by Larry Clark. Young String Orchestra. Set of Score and Parts. With Standard notation. 16+16+10+4+3+10+10+12 pages. Duration 3 minutes, 32 seconds. Carl Fischer Music #YAS182. Published by Carl Fischer Music (CF.YAS182).

ISBN 9781491151471. UPC: 680160908974. 9 x 12 inches. Key: G major.

The title, Live On, by Larry Clark, is taken from Chrissie Pinney's poem about grief and loss. The piece is meant to depict the personality of Linda Mann, to whom it is dedicated. The opening is poignant and pensive, followed by a whimsical theme which alludes to happy thoughts of a life well-lived. The piece builds to a triumphant?conclusion based on an augmented version of the theme.

Live On was commissioned by Diplomat Middle School's staff, faculty and students in Cape Coral, Florida, and is dedicated to the memory of their Director of Bands, Linda Mann. Director of Orchestras, Roland Forti, championed the commissioning of this piece to honor the life of Linda after her untimely passing in February of 2017. Linda Manns impact on the field of music education was profound and wide-reaching. She was a beloved member of the staff at Diplomat Middle School, as well as the music community of Cape Coral and the state of Florida. Linda was highly respected throughout the state, serving as recent past-president of the Florida Bandmasters Association.

In discussing the type of piece the school wanted to honor Ms. Mann, they indicated the piece should depict Lindas personality - dynamic, sassy, yet thoughtful and almost mentor-like. They wanted a piece that was upbeat, yet still had moments that were thoughtful, portraying the grief that the Diplomat Middle School community has suffered from the sudden loss of such a beloved teacher.

After contemplating their thoughts, I did some research to find inspiration for the piece. This led me to poetry about grief and loss. In time, I stumbled upon a short, yet poignant poem that I felt perfectly depicted the sentiment that I wanted the piece to convey. That poem is entitled Live On by Chrissie Pinney.

Live On

Now as I live on

Without you

I hope to keep

The pieces of you

That I loved so dearly

Your mannerisms

And compassionate character

And smiles through struggle

So that you

May live on too

-Chrissie Pinney

I reached out to Ms. Pinney, and she graciously agreed to allow me to quote her powerful poem in these notes. She expressed that she was deeply touched that her work would inspire me to write a piece in honor of Linda Mann.

The piece begins with a poignant, pensive opening section. The use of the musical interval of a tritone between the first two openly voiced chords are used to represent the sadness we all feel from this type of loss. When I sat in front of my piano and started to work on this piece, my hands seemed to naturally and immediately play these first two chords, which set the process in motion of composing the piece.

After the somber opening, the piece shifts to a whimsical theme that I hope brings about happy thoughts of Linda and her personality. It was also my intent, however, to include some musical dissonance in the theme that still reflected the bittersweet loss at the same time. The piece develops into a secondary theme that is a quasi inversion of the main fast theme. This section is followed by a return of the opening material, with snippets of the fast theme intertwined, before the piece builds to a triumphant, augmented presentation of the main theme in a lush form to complete the work.

It is my hope that in some small way, this piece will bring comfort to those affected by the loss of Linda Mann, and that the music will allow her memory to Live On.

Larry Clark

Lakeland, FL 2017

.

Live On was commissioned by Diplomat Middle School's staff, faculty and students in Cape Coral, Florida, and is dedicated to the memory of their Director of Bands, Linda Mann. Director of Orchestras, Roland Forti, championed the commissioning of this piece to honor the life of Linda after her untimely passing in February of 2017.A Linda Mannas impact on the field of music education was profound and wide-reaching. She was a beloved member of the staff at Diplomat Middle School, as well as the music community of Cape Coral and the state of Florida. Linda was highly respected throughout the state, serving as recent past-president of the Florida Bandmasters Association.

In discussing the type of piece the school wanted to honor Ms. Mann, they indicated the piece should adepict Lindaas personality - dynamic, sassy, yet thoughtful and almost mentor-like.a They wanted a piece that was upbeat, yet still had moments that were thoughtful, portraying the grief that the Diplomat Middle School community has suffered from the sudden loss of such a beloved teacher.

After contemplating their thoughts, I did some research to find inspiration for the piece. This led me to poetry about grief and loss. In time, I stumbled upon a short, yet poignant poem that I felt perfectly depicted the sentiment that I wanted the piece to convey.A That poem is entitled Live On by Chrissie Pinney.

Live On

Now as I live on

Without you

I hope to keep

The pieces of you

That I loved so dearly

Your mannerisms

And compassionate character

And smiles through struggle

So that you

May live on too

A

-Chrissie Pinney

I reached out to Ms. Pinney, and she graciously agreed to allow me to quote her powerful poem in these notes.A She expressed that she was deeply touched that her work would inspire me to write a piece in honor of Linda Mann.

The piece begins with a poignant, pensive opening section. The use of the musical interval of a tritone between the first two openly voiced chords are used to represent the sadness we all feel from this type of loss. When I sat in front of my piano and started to work on this piece, my hands seemed to naturally and immediately play these first two chords, which set the process in motion of composing the piece.

After the somber opening, the piece shifts to a whimsical theme that I hope brings about happy thoughts of Linda and her personality. It was also my intent, however, to include some musical dissonance in the theme that still reflected the bittersweet loss at the same time.A The piece develops into a secondary theme that is a quasi inversion of the main fast theme.A This section is followed by a return of the opening material, with snippets of the fast theme intertwined, before the piece builds to a triumphant, augmented presentation of the main theme in a lush form to complete the work.

It is my hope that in some small way, this piece will bring comfort to those affected by the loss of Linda Mann, and that the music will allow her memory to Live On.

aLarry Clark

Lakeland, FL 2017

.

Live On was commissioned by Diplomat Middle School's staff, faculty and students in Cape Coral, Florida, and is dedicated to the memory of their Director of Bands, Linda Mann. Director of Orchestras, Roland Forti, championed the commissioning of this piece to honor the life of Linda after her untimely passing in February of 2017.A Linda Mannas impact on the field of music education was profound and wide-reaching. She was a beloved member of the staff at Diplomat Middle School, as well as the music community of Cape Coral and the state of Florida. Linda was highly respected throughout the state, serving as recent past-president of the Florida Bandmasters Association.

In discussing the type of piece the school wanted to honor Ms. Mann, they indicated the piece should adepict Lindaas personality - dynamic, sassy, yet thoughtful and almost mentor-like.a They wanted a piece that was upbeat, yet still had moments that were thoughtful, portraying the grief that the Diplomat Middle School community has suffered from the sudden loss of such a beloved teacher.

After contemplating their thoughts, I did some research to find inspiration for the piece. This led me to poetry about grief and loss. In time, I stumbled upon a short, yet poignant poem that I felt perfectly depicted the sentiment that I wanted the piece to convey.A That poem is entitled Live On by Chrissie Pinney.

Live On

Now as I live on

Without you

I hope to keep

The pieces of you

That I loved so dearly

Your mannerisms

And compassionate character

And smiles through struggle

So that you

May live on too

A

-Chrissie Pinney

I reached out to Ms. Pinney, and she graciously agreed to allow me to quote her powerful poem in these notes.A She expressed that she was deeply touched that her work would inspire me to write a piece in honor of Linda Mann.

The piece begins with a poignant, pensive opening section. The use of the musical interval of a tritone between the first two openly voiced chords are used to represent the sadness we all feel from this type of loss. When I sat in front of my piano and started to work on this piece, my hands seemed to naturally and immediately play these first two chords, which set the process in motion of composing the piece.

After the somber opening, the piece shifts to a whimsical theme that I hope brings about happy thoughts of Linda and her personality. It was also my intent, however, to include some musical dissonance in the theme that still reflected the bittersweet loss at the same time.A The piece develops into a secondary theme that is a quasi inversion of the main fast theme.A This section is followed by a return of the opening material, with snippets of the fast theme intertwined, before the piece builds to a triumphant, augmented presentation of the main theme in a lush form to complete the work.

It is my hope that in some small way, this piece will bring comfort to those affected by the loss of Linda Mann, and that the music will allow her memory to Live On.

aLarry Clark

Lakeland, FL 2017

.

Live On was commissioned by Diplomat Middle School's staff, faculty and students in Cape Coral, Florida, and is dedicated to the memory of their Director of Bands, Linda Mann. Director of Orchestras, Roland Forti, championed the commissioning of this piece to honor the life of Linda after her untimely passing in February of 2017. Linda Mann's impact on the field of music education was profound and wide-reaching. She was a beloved member of the staff at Diplomat Middle School, as well as the music community of Cape Coral and the state of Florida. Linda was highly respected throughout the state, serving as recent past-president of the Florida Bandmasters Association.

In discussing the type of piece the school wanted to honor Ms. Mann, they indicated the piece should depict Linda's personality - dynamic, sassy, yet thoughtful and almost mentor-like. They wanted a piece that was upbeat, yet still had moments that were thoughtful, portraying the grief that the Diplomat Middle School community has suffered from the sudden loss of such a beloved teacher.

After contemplating their thoughts, I did some research to find inspiration for the piece. This led me to poetry about grief and loss. In time, I stumbled upon a short, yet poignant poem that I felt perfectly depicted the sentiment that I wanted the piece to convey. That poem is entitled Live On by Chrissie Pinney.

Live On

Now as I live on

Without you

I hope to keep

The pieces of you

That I loved so dearly

Your mannerisms

And compassionate character

And smiles through struggle

So that you

May live on too

-Chrissie Pinney

I reached out to Ms. Pinney, and she graciously agreed to allow me to quote her powerful poem in these notes. She expressed that she was deeply touched that her work would inspire me to write a piece in honor of Linda Mann.

The piece begins with a poignant, pensive opening section. The use of the musical interval of a tritone between the first two openly voiced chords are used to represent the sadness we all feel from this type of loss. When I sat in front of my piano and started to work on this piece, my hands seemed to naturally and immediately play these first two chords, which set the process in motion of composing the piece.

After the somber opening, the piece shifts to a whimsical theme that I hope brings about happy thoughts of Linda and her personality. It was also my intent, however, to include some musical dissonance in the theme that still reflected the bittersweet loss at the same time. The piece develops into a secondary theme that is a quasi inversion of the main fast theme. This section is followed by a return of the opening material, with snippets of the fast theme intertwined, before the piece builds to a triumphant, augmented presentation of the main theme in a lush form to complete the work.

It is my hope that in some small way, this piece will bring comfort to those affected by the loss of Linda Mann, and that the music will allow her memory to Live On.

-Larry Clark

Lakeland, FL 2017

.
Live On was commissioned by Diplomat Middle School's staff, faculty and students in Cape Coral, Florida, and is dedicated to the memory of their Director of Bands, Linda Mann. Director of Orchestras, Roland Forti, championed the commissioning of this piece to honor the life of Linda after her untimely passing in February of 2017. Linda Mann's impact on the field of music education was profound and wide-reaching. She was a beloved member of the staff at Diplomat Middle School, as well as the music community of Cape Coral and the state of Florida. Linda was highly respected throughout the state, serving as recent past-president of the Florida Bandmasters Association. In discussing the type of piece the school wanted to honor Ms. Mann, they indicated the piece should depict Linda's personality - dynamic, sassy, yet thoughtful and almost mentor-like. They wanted a piece that was upbeat, yet still had moments that were thoughtful, portraying the grief that the Diplomat Middle School community has suffered from the sudden loss of such a beloved teacher. After contemplating their thoughts, I did some research to find inspiration for the piece. This led me to poetry about grief and loss. In time, I stumbled upon a short, yet poignant poem that I felt perfectly depicted the sentiment that I wanted the piece to convey. That poem is entitled Live On by Chrissie Pinney. Live On Now as I live on Without you I hope to keep The pieces of you That I loved so dearly Your mannerisms And compassionate character And smiles through struggle So that you May live on too -Chrissie Pinney I reached out to Ms. Pinney, and she graciously agreed to allow me to quote her powerful poem in these notes. She expressed that she was deeply touched that her work would inspire me to write a piece in honor of Linda Mann. The piece begins with a poignant, pensive opening section. The use of the musical interval of a tritone between the first two openly voiced chords are used to represent the sadness we all feel from this type of loss. When I sat in front of my piano and started to work on this piece, my hands seemed to naturally and immediately play these first two chords, which set the process in motion of composing the piece. After the somber opening, the piece shifts to a whimsical theme that I hope brings about happy thoughts of Linda and her personality. It was also my intent, however, to include some musical dissonance in the theme that still reflected the bittersweet loss at the same time. The piece develops into a secondary theme that is a quasi inversion of the main fast theme. This section is followed by a return of the opening material, with snippets of the fast theme intertwined, before the piece builds to a triumphant, augmented presentation of the main theme in a lush form to complete the work. It is my hope that in some small way, this piece will bring comfort to those affected by the loss of Linda Mann, and that the music will allow her memory to Live On. -Larry Clark Lakeland, FL 2017.
Live On was commissioned by Diplomat Middle School's staff, faculty and students in Cape Coral, Florida, and is dedicated to the memory of their Director of Bands, Linda Mann. Director of Orchestras, Roland Forti, championed the commissioning of this piece to honor the life of Linda after her untimely passing in February of 2017. Linda Mann’s impact on the field of music education was profound and wide-reaching. She was a beloved member of the staff at Diplomat Middle School, as well as the music community of Cape Coral and the state of Florida. Linda was highly respected throughout the state, serving as recent past-president of the Florida Bandmasters Association.In discussing the type of piece the school wanted to honor Ms. Mann, they indicated the piece should “depict Linda’s personality - dynamic, sassy, yet thoughtful and almost mentor-like.” They wanted a piece that was upbeat, yet still had moments that were thoughtful, portraying the grief that the Diplomat Middle School community has suffered from the sudden loss of such a beloved teacher.After contemplating their thoughts, I did some research to find inspiration for the piece. This led me to poetry about grief and loss. In time, I stumbled upon a short, yet poignant poem that I felt perfectly depicted the sentiment that I wanted the piece to convey.  That poem is entitled Live On by Chrissie Pinney.Live OnNow as I live onWithout youI hope to keepThe pieces of youThat I loved so dearlyYour mannerismsAnd compassionate characterAnd smiles through struggleSo that youMay live on too -Chrissie PinneyI reached out to Ms. Pinney, and she graciously agreed to allow me to quote her powerful poem in these notes. She expressed that she was deeply touched that her work would inspire me to write a piece in honor of Linda Mann.The piece begins with a poignant, pensive opening section. The use of the musical interval of a tritone between the first two openly voiced chords are used to represent the sadness we all feel from this type of loss. When I sat in front of my piano and started to work on this piece, my hands seemed to naturally and immediately play these first two chords, which set the process in motion of composing the piece.After the somber opening, the piece shifts to a whimsical theme that I hope brings about happy thoughts of Linda and her personality. It was also my intent, however, to include some musical dissonance in the theme that still reflected the bittersweet loss at the same time. The piece develops into a secondary theme that is a quasi inversion of the main fast theme. This section is followed by a return of the opening material, with snippets of the fast theme intertwined, before the piece builds to a triumphant, augmented presentation of the main theme in a lush form to complete the work.It is my hope that in some small way, this piece will bring comfort to those affected by the loss of Linda Mann, and that the music will allow her memory to Live On.–Larry ClarkLakeland, FL 2017.

About Carl Fischer Young String Orchestra Series

This series of Grade 2/Grade 2.5 pieces is designed for second and third year ensembles. The pieces in this series are characterized by:
--Occasionally extending to third position
--Keys carefully considered for appropriate difficulty
--Addition of separate 2nd violin and viola parts
--Viola T.C. part included
--Increase in independence of parts over beginning levels

Orchestra String Orchestra - Grade 2-2.5

SKU: CF.YAS45

Composed by Alan Lee Silva. Carl Fischer Young String Orchestra Series. Classical. Score and Parts. With Standard notation. 12 pages. Carl Fischer Music #YAS45. Published by Carl Fischer Music (CF.YAS45).

ISBN 9780825863462. UPC: 798408063467. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: A major.

Two Daughters is a flowing and impassioned composition dedicated to the composer's daughters that gives the young string orchestra ample chances to display its lyrical abilities. Several solo passages vary the texture, which displays Alan Lee Silva's usual flair for lush contemporary harmonic writing.
From the poignant, heartwarming violin melody at m. 5, to the soaring ensemble climax at m. 61, Two Daughters is a flowing, lyrical composition with a wide dynamic range. Written in AABA form with a bridge, the delicate introduction sets up a legato violin solo at m. 5. The piece builds to the singing B-section (m. 21) and returns again to the gentle A-melody (m. 29). The cello is featured in m. 37 under a soft, high string sustain. Two modulations (mm. 37 and 52) move seamlessly and build excitement to the bridge, highlighted by alternating melodic phrases. The slower ending section (m.69) is played with intensity, featuring more sixteenth-note passages. The final two measures return to the sweet, gentle feeling of the introduction.

About Carl Fischer Young String Orchestra Series

This series of Grade 2/Grade 2.5 pieces is designed for second and third year ensembles. The pieces in this series are characterized by:
--Occasionally extending to third position
--Keys carefully considered for appropriate difficulty
--Addition of separate 2nd violin and viola parts
--Viola T.C. part included
--Increase in independence of parts over beginning levels

String

SKU: BR.KM-2300

12 Pieces for String Ensemble. Composed by Gunther Tiedemann. Softcover. Kammermusik-Bibliothek (Chamber Music Library).

An exiting combination for Strings: The Groove String ConneXion und The Groove Cello ConneXion!

Music pedagogy. Score. 56 pages. Breitkopf and Haertel #KM 2300. Published by Breitkopf and Haertel (BR.KM-2300).

ISBN 9790004503058. 9 x 12 inches.

The Groove String ConneXion and The Groove Cello ConneXion: Breitkopf Pedagogy with popular music for strings.In addition to using it for cello ensemble, string quartet, string trio or string orchestra, the two books can even be combined, giving groups with an uncommon scoring the possibility of ensemble playing. Alternative parts are available on the CD-ROM. Detailed explanations on the pieces and on the used playing techniques together with PDF, audio and video files make this material a method for string instruments that covers a broad spectrum of popular music.Complementary videos showing playing techniques can be found on YouTube.For further audio and video examples see The Groove Cello ConneXion.Discover more rhythm and groove in teaching strings in Groovy Strings.The writing reflects experience and insights gained through years of actively playing and teaching many levels and ages of string players. It has been wonderful for me to hear Gunther playing this material with his students in Cologne. These pieces are exciting to play in real life and in real time. I cannot recommend these books highly enough!(Sera Smolen, Newsletter of the New Directions Cello Association).

Orchestra String Orchestra - Grade 2-2.5

SKU: CF.YAS19

Composed by Alan Lee Silva. Carl Fischer Young String Orchestra Series. Classical. Score and Parts. With Standard notation. 12 pages. Carl Fischer Music #YAS19. Published by Carl Fischer Music (CF.YAS19).

ISBN 9780825854859. UPC: 798408054854. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: D major.

Summer Dance is a melodic, up-tempo piece with plenty of musical and technical challenges for every player. Musicians should strive to play it with an energetic yet legato feel. A spirited introduction features an opening melody in the violins and active repeated-note pedal patters in the violas and low strings. An AABA form begins at m.5 and the orchestration is immediately pared down to feature violin I and cello. It then builds again in density to the B section, where a quick dynamic drop allows a question-and-answer melody between the two parts to sing out. In m. 29, the melody is harmonized and a countermelody in violin I introduced. The violins take the melody soaring in octaves in m. 33, as the piece again builds to the B section and suddenly quiets. Measure 55 then provides more question-and-answer interplay, this time for viola and cello, while violin continues with its newly harmonized melody. Summer Dance finishes with a soft recurrence of the opening figure and a build toward a powerful divisi voicing on beat 3 of m. 63, right before the final chord.
Summer Dance is a melodic, up-tempo piece with plenty of musical and technical challenges for every player. Musicians should strive to play it with an energetic yetA legato feel. A spirited introduction features an opening melody in the violins and active repeated-note pedal patters in the violas and low strings. An AABA form begins at m.5 and the orchestration is immediately pared down to feature violin I and cello. It then builds again in density to the B section, where a quick dynamic drop allows a question-and-answer melody between the two parts to sing out. In m. 29, the melody is harmonized and a countermelody in violin I introduced. The violins take the melody soaring in octaves in m. 33, as the piece again builds to the B section and suddenly quiets. Measure 55 then provides more question-and-answer interplay, this time for viola and cello, while violin continues with its newly harmonized melody. Summer Dance finishes with a soft recurrence of the opening figure and a build toward a powerfulA divisi voicing on beat 3 of m. 63, right before the final chord.
Summer Dance is a melodic, up-tempo piece with plenty of musical and technical challenges for every player. Musicians should strive to play it with an energetic yet legato feel. A spirited introduction features an opening melody in the violins and active repeated-note pedal patters in the violas and low strings. An AABA form begins at m.5 and the orchestration is immediately pared down to feature violin I and cello. It then builds again in density to the B section, where a quick dynamic drop allows a question-and-answer melody between the two parts to sing out. In m. 29, the melody is harmonized and a countermelody in violin I introduced. The violins take the melody soaring in octaves in m. 33, as the piece again builds to the B section and suddenly quiets. Measure 55 then provides more question-and-answer interplay, this time for viola and cello, while violin continues with its newly harmonized melody. Summer Dance finishes with a soft recurrence of the opening figure and a build toward a powerful divisi voicing on beat 3 of m. 63, right before the final chord.
Summer Dance is a melodic, up-tempo piece with plenty of musical and technical challenges for every player. Musicians should strive to play it with an energetic yet legato feel.A spirited introduction features an opening melody in the violins and active repeated-note pedal patters in the violas and low strings. An AABA form begins at m.5 and the orchestration is immediately pared down to feature violin I and cello. It then builds again in density to the B section, where a quick dynamic drop allows a question-and-answer melody between the two parts to sing out.In m. 29, the melody is harmonized and a countermelody in violin I introduced. The violins take the melody soaring in octaves in m. 33, as the piece again builds to the B section and suddenly quiets. Measure 55 then provides more question-and-answer interplay, this time for viola and cello, while violin continues with its newly harmonized melody. Summer Dance finishes with a soft recurrence of the opening figure and a build toward a powerful divisi voicing on beat 3 of m. 63, right before the final chord.

About Carl Fischer Young String Orchestra Series

This series of Grade 2/Grade 2.5 pieces is designed for second and third year ensembles. The pieces in this series are characterized by:
--Occasionally extending to third position
--Keys carefully considered for appropriate difficulty
--Addition of separate 2nd violin and viola parts
--Viola T.C. part included
--Increase in independence of parts over beginning levels

Eight Pieces with Three Orchestrations for Young String Players with Performance CD. By Barbara Adams. Edited by Dorothy A. Straub. Arranged by Dorothy A. Straub. For Viola. Baroque. Solo part. 12 pages. Published by Carl Fischer.

Eight Pieces with Three Orchestrations for Young String Players with Performance CD (Cello). By Barbara Adams; Merle J. Isaac; Pierre D'archet; Robert Genualdi. Edited by Dorothy A. Straub. Arranged by Dorothy A. Straub; Robert Genualdi. For Cello. Solo part. 12 pages. Published by Carl Fischer.