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--INSTRUMENTS--
ACCORDEON
ALTO
AUTOHARPE
BANJO
BASSE
BASSON
BATTERIE
BOUZOUKI
CHORALE - CHAN…
CITHARE
CLAIRON
CLARINETTE
CLAVECIN
CLOCHES
COR
COR ANGLAIS
CORNEMUSE
CORNET
DEEJAY
DIDGERIDOO
DULCIMER
EUPHONIUM
FANFARE - BAND…
FLUTE A BEC
FLUTE DE PAN
FLUTE TRAVERSI…
FORMATION MUSI…
GUITARE
GUITARE LAP ST…
HARMONICA
HARPE
HAUTBOIS
LIVRES
LUTH
MANDOLINE
MARIMBA
OCARINA
ORCHESTRE
ORGUE
PERCUSSION
PIANO
SAXOPHONE
SYNTHETISEUR
TROMBONE
TROMPETTE
TUBA
UKULELE
VIBRAPHONE
VIOLON
VIOLONCELLE
XYLOPHONE
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Non classifié
1 913
Piano & claviers
Piano seul
1 710
Piano Facile
694
Piano, Voix
692
Piano, Voix et Guitare
425
Instruments en Do
88
Orgue
80
Piano grosses notes
78
Accordéon
75
1 Piano, 4 mains
43
2 Pianos, 4 mains
25
Accompagnement Piano
23
Piano Trio: piano, violon, violoncelle
11
Piano Quatuor: piano, violon, alto, violoncelle
7
Orgue, Trompette (duo)
6
Piano (partie séparée)
6
Piano Quatuor: piano, 2 violons, violoncelle
4
1 Piano, 6 mains
2
Orgue, Piano (duo)
2
Ligne De Mélodie, Piano
2
Piano Quintette: piano, 2 violons, alto, violoncelle
1
Clavecin
1
+ 16 instrumentations
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Guitares
Guitare notes et tablatures
138
Guitare
103
Ligne De Mélodie, (Paroles) et Accords
50
Basse electrique
46
Ukulele
34
Paroles et Accords
15
Ukulele Baryton
11
Piano, Guitare (duo)
11
Mandoline
10
Guitare (partie séparée)
8
4 Guitares (Quatuor)
4
Banjo
2
2 Mandolines (duo)
2
Basse électrique (partie séparée)
1
2 Guitares, Clarinette (trio)
1
Dulcimer
1
2 Guitares (duo)
1
3 Guitares (trio)
1
2 Ukuleles
1
+ 14 instrumentations
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Voix
Chorale SATB
739
Chorale 3 parties
228
Chorale 2 parties
159
Chorale Unison
89
Chorale TTBB
61
Voix seule
53
Chorale SSAA
40
Voix duo, Piano
33
Voix duo
24
Chorale
19
Pack Instrumental pour Chorale
16
Voix Alto, Piano
15
Voix Soprano, Piano
10
Voix haute
7
Voix Baryton, Piano
3
Voix Tenor, Piano
2
Voix Tenor
2
Voix basse, Piano
2
Chorale SSATTB
2
Chorale SSAB, Piano
1
Soli, choeur mixte et accompagnement
1
Voix basse
1
Voix moyenne, Piano
1
Chorale SSATB
1
+ 19 instrumentations
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Vents
Flûte à bec Soprano
297
Flûte traversière
144
Saxophone
137
Quatuor de Saxophones: 4 saxophones
114
Clarinette
114
Quintette à Vent: flûte, Hautbois, basson, clarinette, Cor
107
2 Saxophones (duo)
95
Flûte traversière et Piano
92
Saxophone (partie séparée)
89
Hautbois, Piano (duo)
88
Clarinette et Piano
84
Saxophone Alto
79
Quatuor de Clarinettes: 4 clarinettes
65
Saxophone Tenor
61
Saxophone Alto et Piano
60
Flûte, Hautbois, Clarinette, Basson
57
Saxophone Tenor et Piano
56
Flûte à Bec
48
Saxophone Soprano et Piano
48
Hautbois (partie séparée)
46
2 Flûtes traversières (duo)
45
Quintette de Saxophone: 5 saxophones
40
Quatuor de Flûtes : 4 flûtes
40
Hautbois
39
2 Clarinettes (duo)
39
Saxophone Baryton, Piano
37
3 Saxophones (trio)
35
Quintette de Flûte : 5 flûtes
25
Clarinette (partie séparée)
24
2 Flûte à bec (duo)
23
Ocarina
23
Quintette de Clarinettes: 5 clarinettes
21
Saxophone Soprano
20
Flûte, Clarinette (duo)
20
Harmonica
19
Ensemble de Clarinettes
18
Cor anglais, Piano
15
Ensemble de Flûtes
15
Saxophone Baryton
14
Flûte, Harpe et Violoncelle
13
2 Hautbois (duo)
13
Ensemble de saxophones
12
Cor Anglais
12
Flûte, Hautbois, Clarinette (trio)
12
Trio de Flûtes: 3 flûtes
11
Saxophone, Clarinette (duo)
11
3 Clarinettes (trio)
10
Flute (partie séparée)
10
Flûte, Violon
10
Clarinette, Violon (duo)
9
Hautbois, Clarinette, Basson (trio d'anches)
8
Clarinette, Basson (duo)
8
Flûte à bec Alto
8
Clarinette, Trompette (duo)
8
Hautbois, Basson (duo)
7
Hautbois, Clarinette (duo)
6
Piccolo, Piano
6
Flûte, Clarinette et Basson
6
Ensemble De Flûte à bec
5
Flûte irlandaise
5
Flûte, Violon, Piano
5
Clarinette et Alto
5
Quatuor de Flûtes à bec
5
3 Flûtes à bec (trio)
4
Flûte, Saxophone (duo)
4
Flûte à bec Alto, Piano
4
Clarinette Basse, Piano
4
Flûte, Alto (duo)
4
2 Clarinettes, Piano
3
Flûte et Guitare
3
Hautbois, Flûte
3
Clarinette, Harpe (duo)
3
Flûte à bec Soprano, Piano
3
Flûte, Hautbois, Basson
3
Flûte, Hautbois (duo)
3
Flûte, Trompette (duo)
3
Flûte, Violoncelle
2
Flûte, Violoncelle, Piano (trio)
2
4 Hautbois
2
Instruments en Mib
1
Hautbois, violon (duo)
1
5 Flûtes à bec
1
Flûte, Clarinette, Piano (trio)
1
2 Flûtes traversières, Guitare
1
Flûte, Alto et Piano
1
2 Cors Anglais Et Pianoforte
1
Clarinette, Violoncelle, Piano (trio)
1
Clarinette, Guitare (duo)
1
2 Flûtes traversières, Piano
1
2 Saxophones, Piano
1
Cor anglais et Harpe (duo)
1
Hautbois, Guitare (duo)
1
Flûte, Hautbois, Piano (trio)
1
Flute, harpe et violon
1
+ 89 instrumentations
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Cuivres
Trompette
142
Quintette de Cuivres: 2 trompettes, Cor, trombone, tuba
140
Trombone
102
Trompette, Piano
81
Cor
72
Trompette (partie séparée)
67
Cor et Piano
60
Tuba
56
Trombone et Piano
56
Quatuor de Cuivres : 2 trompettes, trombone, tuba
50
Trombone (partie séparée)
48
Tuba et Piano
37
2 Trompettes (duo)
34
2 Trombones (duo)
31
Quatuor de Cuivres: 2 trompettes, Cor, trombone
31
Quatuor de cuivres: 4 trombones
29
Ensemble de Trombones
25
2 Cors (duo)
17
Euphonium
16
Cor anglais, Piano
15
Trompette, Trombone (duo)
14
Quatuor de Cuivres
14
Euphonium, Piano (duo)
13
Cor Anglais
12
Trompette, Cor (duo)
10
Tuba (partie séparée)
10
Trompette, Saxophone (duo)
10
Cor (partie séparée)
9
2 Tubas (duo)
8
Bass Clef Instruments
7
Quatuor de cuivres: 4 cors
6
Trombone, Tuba (duo)
5
Ensemble de Trompettes
4
Trompette, violon (duo)
3
2 Euphoniums et 2 Tubas
3
4 Tubas
3
Quintette de Cuivres: 2 trompettes, Cor, 2 trombones
2
Trombone, Cor (duo)
2
3 Trombones (trio)
2
Trompette, Tuba (duo)
2
Quatuor de cuivres: 4 trompettes
2
Tuba et Orgue
2
Ensemble de Cors
2
Cor, Tuba (duo)
2
Trio de Cuivres
2
2 Euphoniums (duo)
1
Instruments en Sib
1
Euphonium, Tuba (duo)
1
Trompette, Euphonium (duo)
1
2 Trompettes, Clavier (piano ou orgue)
1
2 Cors Anglais Et Pianoforte
1
Cor anglais et Harpe (duo)
1
3 Tubas (trio)
1
Instruments en Fa
1
3 Cors (trio)
1
+ 50 instrumentations
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Cordes
Quatuor à cordes: 2 violons, alto, violoncelle
277
Violon
137
Violon et Piano
107
Violoncelle
94
Alto, Piano
74
Violoncelle, Piano
73
Trio à Cordes: violon, alto, violoncelle
73
Harpe
67
Alto seul
66
Violon, Violoncelle (duo)
49
2 Violons (duo)
48
Contrebasse, Piano (duo)
40
Contre Basse
39
Quintette à cordes: 2 violons, alto, violoncelle, basse
38
2 Violoncelles (duo)
37
Alto (partie séparée)
21
Violon, Alto (duo)
21
Violon (partie séparée)
20
2 Altos (duo)
20
Harpe, Flûte (duo)
17
Trio à Cordes: 2 violons, violoncelle
15
2 Harpes (duo)
11
4 Violoncelles
9
Contrebasse (partie séparée)
9
Piano Trio: Violon, Alto, Piano
8
Trio à cordes: 3 violins
7
Violon, Guitare (duo)
7
Harpe, Violon (duo)
6
Violoncelle , Guitare (duo)
6
Alto, Violoncelle (duo)
5
Violoncelle, Contrebasse (duo)
5
Violoncelle (partie séparée)
4
Trio à Cordes: 3 violoncelles
4
2 Contrebasses (duo)
3
Alto, Guitare (duo)
3
Quintette à cordes: 2 violons, 2 altos, violoncelle
3
Harpe et Piano
2
Trio à cordes: 3 altos
2
Harpe, Voix
2
Quatuor à cordes : 4 altos
2
Quatuor à cordes: 4 violons
2
2 Violoncelles, Piano
1
Trio à Cordes: 2 violons, alto
1
Trio à cordes
1
Violon, Clarinette, Piano (trio)
1
Violon, Basson (duo)
1
4 Contrebasses
1
Violon, Violoncelle, Clarinette
1
+ 43 instrumentations
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Orchestre & Percussions
Orchestre d'harmonie
466
Orchestre
214
Orchestre à Cordes
129
Ensemble de cuivres
105
Ensemble Jazz
92
Cloches
75
Batterie
67
Fanfare
64
Orchestre de chambre
23
Percussion (partie séparée)
16
Ensemble de Percussions
14
Jazz combo
13
Batterie (partie séparée)
9
Percussion
3
Marimba
3
Xylophone
2
Orchestre, Violon
2
Timbales (partie séparée)
1
Instrumentation Flexible
1
Quatuor à Vent : 4 instruments à vents
1
Vibraphone
1
Piano et Orchestre
1
+ 17 instrumentations
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--INSTRUMENTS--
ACCORDEON
ALTO
AUTOHARPE
BANJO
BASSE
BASSON
BATTERIE
BOUZOUKI
CHORALE - CHAN…
CITHARE
CLAIRON
CLARINETTE
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COR
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CORNEMUSE
CORNET
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FORMATION MUSI…
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Piano et Orchestre
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Concerto
Piano et Orchestre
Piano and orchestra - difficult - Digital Download For piano and orchestra. Composed by …
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Piano and orchestra - difficult - Digital Download For piano and orchestra. Composed by Gyorgy Ligeti (1923-2006). This edition: solo part. Downloadable. Duration 24 minutes. Schott Music - Digital #Q53630. Published by Schott Music - Digital
I composed the Piano Concerto in two stages: the first three movements during the years 1985-86, the next two in 1987, the final autograph of the last movement was ready by January, 1988. The concerto is dedicated to the American conductor Mario di Bonaventura. . The markings of the movements are the following: . 1. Vivace molto ritmico e preciso . 2. Lento e deserto . 3. Vivace cantabile . 4. Allegro risoluto . 5. Presto luminoso. The first performance of the three-movement Concerto was on October 23rd, 1986 in Graz. Mario di Bonaventura conducted while his brother, Anthony di Bonaventura, was the soloist. Two days later the performance was repeated in the Vienna Konzerthaus. After hearing the work twice, I came to the conclusion that the third movement is not an adequate finale. my feeling of form demanded continuation, a supplement. That led to the composing of the next two movements. The premiere of the whole cycle took place on February 29th, 1988, in the Vienna Konzerthaus with the same conductor and the same pianist. . The orchestra consisted of the following: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, tenor trombone, percussion and strings. The flautist also plays the piccoIo, the clarinetist, the alto ocarina. The percussion is made up of diverse instruments, which one musician-virtuoso can play. It is more practical, however, if two or three musicians share the instruments. Besides traditional instruments the percussion part calls also for two simple wind instruments: the swanee whistle and the harmonica. The string instrument parts (two violins, viola, cello and doubles bass) can be performed soloistic since they do not contain divisi. For balance, however, the ensemble playing is recommended, for example 6-8 first violins, 6-8 second, 4-6 violas, 4-6 cellos, 3-4 double basses. . In the Piano Concerto I realized new concepts of harmony and rhythm. . The first movement is entirely written in bimetry: simultaneously 12/8 and 4/4 (8/8). This relates to the known triplet on a doule relation and in itself is nothing new. Because, however, I articulate 12 triola and 8 duola pulses, an entangled, up till now unheard kind of polymetry is created. The rhythm is additionally complicated because of asymmetric groupings inside two speed layers, which means accents are asymmetrically distributed. These groups, as in the talea technique, have a fixed, continuously repeating rhythmic structures of varying lengths in speed layers of 12/8 and 4/4. This means that the repeating pattern in the 12/8 level and the pattern in the 4/4 level do not coincide and continuously give a kaleidoscope of renewing combinations. . In our perception we quickly resign from following particular rhythmical successions and that what is going on in time appears for us as something static, resting. This music, if it is played properly, in the right tempo and with the right accents inside particular layers, after a certain time rises, as it were, as a plane after taking off: the rhythmic action, too complex to be able to follow in detail, begins flying. This diffusion of individual structures into a different global structure is one of my basic compositional concepts: from the end of the fifties, from the orchestral works Apparitions and Atmospheres I continuously have been looking for new ways of resolving this basic question. The harmony of the first movement is based on mixtures, hence on the parallel leading of voices. This technique is used here in a rather simple form. later in the fourth movement it will be considerably developed. . The second movement (the only slow one amongst five movements) also has a talea type of structure, it is however much simpler rhythmically, because it contains only one speed layer. The melody is consisted in the development of a rigorous interval mode in which two minor seconds and one major second alternate therefore nine notes inside an octave. This mode is transposed into different degrees and it also determines the harmony of the movement. however, in closing episode in the piano part there is a combination of diatonics (white keys) and pentatonics (black keys) led in brilliant, sparkling quasimixtures, while the orchestra continues to play in the nine tone mode. . In this movement I used isolated sounds and extreme registers (piccolo in a very low register, bassoon in a very high register, canons played by the swanee whistle, the alto ocarina and brass with a harmon-mute' damper, cutting sound combinations of the piccolo, clarinet and oboe in an extremely high register, also alternating of a whistle-siren and xylophone). The third movement also has one speed layer and because of this it appears as simpler than the first, but actually the rhythm is very complicated in a different way here. Above the uninterrupted, fast and regular basic pulse, thanks to the asymmetric distribution of accents, different types of hemiolas and inherent melodical patterns appear (the term was coined by Gerhard Kubik in relation to central African music). If this movement is played with the adequate speed and with very clear accentuation, illusory rhythmic-melodical figures appear. These figures are not played directly. they do not appear in the score, but exist only in our perception as a result of co-operation of different voices. . Already earlier I had experimented with illusory rhythmics, namely in Poeme symphonique for 100 metronomes (1962), in Continuum for harpsichord (1968), in Monument for two pianos (1976), and especially in the first and sixth piano etude Desordre and Automne a Varsovie (1985). . The third movement of the Piano Concerto is up to now the clearest example of illusory rhythmics and illusory melody. In intervallic and chordal structure this movement is based on alternation, and also inter-relation of various modal and quasi-equidistant harmony spaces. The tempered twelve-part division of the octave allows for diatonical and other modal interval successions, which are not equidistant, but are based on the alternation of major and minor seconds in different groups. The tempered system also allows for the use of the anhemitonic pentatonic scale (the black keys of the piano). From equidistant scales, therefore interval formations which are based on the division of an octave in equal distances, the twelve-tone tempered system allows only chromatics (only minor seconds) and the six-tone scale (the whole-tone: only major seconds). . Moreover, the division of the octave into four parts only minor thirds) and three parts (three major thirds) is possible. In several music cultures different equidistant divisions of an octave are accepted, for example, in the Javanese slendro into five parts, in Melanesia into seven parts, popular also in southeastern Asia, and apart from this, in southern Africa. This does not mean an exact equidistance: there is a certain tolerance for the inaccurateness of the interval tuning. . These exotic for us, Europeans, harmony and melody have attracted me for several years. However I did not want to re-tune the piano (microtone deviations appear in the concerto only in a few places in the horn and trombone parts led in natural tones). After the period of experimenting, I got to pseudo- or quasiequidistant intervals, which is neither whole-tone nor chromatic: in the twelve-tone system, two whole-tone scales are possible, shifted a minor second apart from each other. Therefore, I connect these two scales (or sound resources), and for example, places occur where the melodies and figurations in the piano part are created from both whole tone scales. in one band one six-tone sound resource is utilized, and in the other hand, the complementary. In this way whole-tonality and chromaticism mutually reduce themselves: a type of deformed equidistancism is formed, strangely brilliant and at the same time slanting. illusory harmony, indeed being created inside the tempered twelve-tone system, but in sound quality not belonging to it anymore. . The appearance of such slantedequidistant harmony fields alternating with modal fields and based on chords built on fifths (mainly in the piano part), complemented with mixtures built on fifths in the orchestra, gives this movement an individual, soft-metallic colour (a metallic sound resulting from harmonics). . The fourth movement was meant to be the central movement of the Concerto. Its melodc-rhythmic elements (embryos or fragments of motives) in themselves are simple. The movement also begins simply, with a succession of overlapping of these elements in the mixture type structures. Also here a kaleidoscope is created, due to a limited number of these elements - of these pebbles in the kaleidoscope - which continuously return in augmentations and diminutions. . Step by step, however, so that in the beginning we cannot hear it, a compiled rhythmic organization of the talea type gradually comes into daylight, based on the simultaneity of two mutually shifted to each other speed layers (also triplet and duoles, however, with different asymmetric structures than in the first movement). While longer rests are gradually filled in with motive fragments, we slowly come to the conclusion that we have found ourselves inside a rhythmic-melodical whirl: without change in tempo, only through increasing the density of the musical events, a rotation is created in the stream of successive and compiled, augmented and diminished motive fragments, and increasing the density suggests acceleration. . Thanks to the periodical structure of the composition, always new but however of the same (all the motivic cells are similar to earlier ones but none of them are exactly repeated. the general structure is therefore self-similar), an impression is created of a gigantic, indissoluble network. Also, rhythmic structures at first hidden gradually begin to emerge, two independent speed layers with their various internal accentuations. . This great, self-similar whirl in a very indirect way relates to musical associations, which came to my mind while watching the graphic projection of the mathematical sets of Julia and of Mandelbrot made with the help of a computer. I saw these wonderful pictures of fractal creations, made by scientists from Brema, Peitgen and Richter, for the first time in 1984. From that time they have played a great role in my musical concepts. This does not mean, however, that composing the fourth movement I used mathematical methods or iterative calculus. indeed, I did use constructions which, however, are not based on mathematical thinking, but are rather craftman's constructions (in this respect, my attitude towards mathematics is similar to that of the graphic artist Maurits Escher). .I am concerned rather with intuitional, poetic, synesthetic correspondence, not on the scientific, but on the poetic level of thinking. . The fifth, very short Presto movement is harmonically very simple, but all the more complicated in its rhythmic structure: it is based on the further development of ''inherent patterns of the third movement. The quasi-equidistance system dominates harmonically and melodically in this movement, as in the third, alternating with harmonic fields, which are based on the division of the chromatic whole into diatonics and anhemitonic pentatonics. Polyrhythms and harmonic mixtures reach their greatest density, and at the same time this movement is strikingly light, enlightened with very bright colours: at first it seems chaotic, but after listening to it for a few times it is easy to grasp its content: many autonomous but self-similar figures which crossing themselves. . I present my artistic credo in the Piano Concerto: I demonstrate my independence from criteria of the traditional avantgarde, as well as the fashionable postmodernism. Musical illusions which I consider to be also so important are not a goal in itself for me, but a foundation for my aesthetical attitude. I prefer musical forms which have a more object-like than processual character. Music as frozen time, as an object in imaginary space evoked by music in our imagination, as a creation which really develops in time, but in imagination it exists simultaneously in all its moments. The spell of time, the enduring its passing by, closing it in a moment of the present is my main intention as a composer. . (Gyorgy Ligeti)I composed the Piano Concerto in two stages: the first three movements during the years 1985-86, the next two in 1987, the final autograph of the last movement was ready by January, 1988. The concerto is dedicated to the American conductor Mario di Bonaventura. .
The markings of the movements are the following: .
1. Vivace molto ritmico e preciso .
2. Lento e deserto .
3. Vivace cantabile .
4. Allegro risoluto .
5. Presto luminoso.
The first performance of the three-movement Concerto was on October 23rd, 1986 in Graz. Mario di Bonaventura conducted while his brother, Anthony di Bonaventura, was the soloist. Two days later the performance was repeated in the Vienna Konzerthaus. After hearing the work twice, I came to the conclusion that the third movement is not an adequate finale. my feeling of form demanded continuation, a supplement. That led to the composing of the next two movements. The premiere of the whole cycle took place on February 29th, 1988, in the Vienna Konzerthaus with the same conductor and the same pianist. .
The orchestra consisted of the following: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, tenor trombone, percussion and strings. The flautist also plays the piccoIo, the clarinetist, the alto ocarina. The percussion is made up of diverse instruments, which one musician-virtuoso can play. It is more practical, however, if two or three musicians share the instruments. Besides traditional instruments the percussion part calls also for two simple wind instruments: the swanee whistle and the harmonica. The string instrument parts (two violins, viola, cello and doubles bass) can be performed soloistic since they do not contain divisi. For balance, however, the ensemble playing is recommended, for example 6-8 first violins, 6-8 second, 4-6 violas, 4-6 cellos, 3-4 double basses. .
In the Piano Concerto I realized new concepts of harmony and rhythm. .
The first movement is entirely written in bimetry: simultaneously 12/8 and 4/4 (8/8). This relates to the known triplet on a doule relation and in itself is nothing new. Because, however, I articulate 12 triola and 8 duola pulses, an entangled, up till now unheard kind of polymetry is created. The rhythm is additionally complicated because of asymmetric groupings inside two speed layers, which means accents are asymmetrically distributed. These groups, as in the talea technique, have a fixed, continuously repeating rhythmic structures of varying lengths in speed layers of 12/8 and 4/4. This means that the repeating pattern in the 12/8 level and the pattern in the 4/4 level do not coincide and continuously give a kaleidoscope of renewing combinations. .
In our perception we quickly resign from following particular rhythmical successions and that what is going on in time appears for us as something static, resting. This music, if it is played properly, in the right tempo and with the right accents inside particular layers, after a certain time rises, as it were, as a plane after taking off: the rhythmic action, too complex to be able to follow in detail, begins flying. This diffusion of individual structures into a different global structure is one of my basic compositional concepts: from the end of the fifties, from the orchestral works Apparitions and Atmospheres I continuously have been looking for new ways of resolving this basic question. The harmony of the first movement is based on mixtures, hence on the parallel leading of voices. This technique is used here in a rather simple form. later in the fourth movement it will be considerably developed. .
The second movement (the only slow one amongst five movements) also has a talea type of structure, it is however much simpler rhythmically, because it contains only one speed layer. The melody is consisted in the development of a rigorous interval mode in which two minor seconds and one major second alternate therefore nine notes inside an octave. This mode is transposed into different degrees and it also determines the harmony of the movement. however, in closing episode in the piano part there is a combination of diatonics (white keys) and pentatonics (black keys) led in brilliant, sparkling quasimixtures, while the orchestra continues to play in the nine tone mode. .
In this movement I used isolated sounds and extreme registers (piccolo in a very low register, bassoon in a very high register, canons played by the swanee whistle, the alto ocarina and brass with a harmon-mute' damper, cutting sound combinations of the piccolo, clarinet and oboe in an extremely high register, also alternating of a whistle-siren and xylophone). The third movement also has one speed layer and because of this it appears as simpler than the first, but actually the rhythm is very complicated in a different way here. Above the uninterrupted, fast and regular basic pulse, thanks to the asymmetric distribution of accents, different types of hemiolas and inherent melodical patterns appear (the term was coined by Gerhard Kubik in relation to central African music). If this movement is played with the adequate speed and with very clear accentuation, illusory rhythmic-melodical figures appear. These figures are not played directly. they do not appear in the score, but exist only in our perception as a result of co-operation of different voices. .
Already earlier I had experimented with illusory rhythmics, namely in Poeme symphonique for 100 metronomes (1962), in Continuum for harpsichord (1968), in Monument for two pianos (1976), and especially in the first and sixth piano etude Desordre and Automne a Varsovie (1985). .
The third movement of the Piano Concerto is up to now the clearest example of illusory rhythmics and illusory melody. In intervallic and chordal structure this movement is based on alternation, and also inter-relation of various modal and quasi-equidistant harmony spaces. The tempered twelve-part division of the octave allows for diatonical and other modal interval successions, which are not equidistant, but are based on the alternation of major and minor seconds in different groups. The tempered system also allows for the use of the anhemitonic pentatonic scale (the black keys of the piano). From equidistant scales, therefore interval formations which are based on the division of an octave in equal distances, the twelve-tone tempered system allows only chromatics (only minor seconds) and the six-tone scale (the whole-tone: only major seconds). .
Moreover, the division of the octave into four parts only minor thirds) and three parts (three major thirds) is possible. In several music cultures different equidistant divisions of an octave are accepted, for example, in the Javanese slendro into five parts, in Melanesia into seven parts, popular also in southeastern Asia, and apart from this, in southern Africa. This does not mean an exact equidistance: there is a certain tolerance for the inaccurateness of the interval tuning. .
These exotic for us, Europeans, harmony and melody have attracted me for several years. However I did not want to re-tune the piano (microtone deviations appear in the concerto only in a few places in the horn and trombone parts led in natural tones). After the period of experimenting, I got to pseudo- or quasiequidistant intervals, which is neither whole-tone nor chromatic: in the twelve-tone system, two whole-tone scales are possible, shifted a minor second apart from each other. Therefore, I connect these two scales (or sound resources), and for example, places occur where the melodies and figurations in the piano part are created from both whole tone scales. in one band one six-tone sound resource is utilized, and in the other hand, the complementary. In this way whole-tonality and chromaticism mutually reduce themselves: a type of deformed equidistancism is formed, strangely brilliant and at the same time slanting. illusory harmony, indeed being created inside the tempered twelve-tone system, but in sound quality not belonging to it anymore. .
The appearance of such slantedequidistant harmony fields alternating with modal fields and based on chords built on fifths (mainly in the piano part), complemented with mixtures built on fifths in the orchestra, gives this movement an individual, soft-metallic colour (a metallic sound resulting from harmonics). .
The fourth movement was meant to be the central movement of the Concerto. Its melodc-rhythmic elements (embryos or fragments of motives) in themselves are simple. The movement also begins simply, with a succession of overlapping of these elements in the mixture type structures. Also here a kaleidoscope is created, due to a limited number of these elements - of these pebbles in the kaleidoscope - which continuously return in augmentations and diminutions. .
Step by step, however, so that in the beginning we cannot hear it, a compiled rhythmic organization of the talea type gradually comes into daylight, based on the simultaneity of two mutually shifted to each other speed layers (also triplet and duoles, however, with different asymmetric structures than in the first movement). While longer rests are gradually filled in with motive fragments, we slowly come to the conclusion that we have found ourselves inside a rhythmic-melodical whirl: without change in tempo, only through increasing the density of the musical events, a rotation is created in the stream of successive and compiled, augmented and diminished motive fragments, and increasing the density suggests acceleration. .
Thanks to the periodical structure of the composition, always new but however of the same (all the motivic cells are similar to earlier ones but none of them are exactly repeated. the general structure is therefore self-similar), an impression is created of a gigantic, indissoluble network. Also, rhythmic structures at first hidden gradually begin to emerge, two independent speed layers with their various internal accentuations. .
This great, self-similar whirl in a very indirect way relates to musical associations, which came to my mind while watching the graphic projection of the mathematical sets of Julia and of Mandelbrot made with the help of a computer. I saw these wonderful pictures of fractal creations, made by scientists from Brema, Peitgen and Richter, for the first time in 1984. From that time they have played a great role in my musical concepts. This does not mean, however, that composing the fourth movement I used mathematical methods or iterative calculus. indeed, I did use constructions which, however, are not based on mathematical thinking, but are rather craftman's constructions (in this respect, my attitude towards mathematics is similar to that of the graphic artist Maurits Escher). .I am concerned rather with intuitional, poetic, synesthetic correspondence, not on the scientific, but on the poetic level of thinking. .
The fifth, very short Presto movement is harmonically very simple, but all the more complicated in its rhythmic structure: it is based on the further development of ''inherent patterns of the third movement. The quasi-equidistance system dominates harmonically and melodically in this movement, as in the third, alternating with harmonic fields, which are based on the division of the chromatic whole into diatonics and anhemitonic pentatonics. Polyrhythms and harmonic mixtures reach their greatest density, and at the same time this movement is strikingly light, enlightened with very bright colours: at first it seems chaotic, but after listening to it for a few times it is easy to grasp its content: many autonomous but self-similar figures which crossing themselves. .
I present my artistic credo in the Piano Concerto: I demonstrate my independence from criteria of the traditional avantgarde, as well as the fashionable postmodernism. Musical illusions which I consider to be also so important are not a goal in itself for me, but a foundation for my aesthetical attitude. I prefer musical forms which have a more object-like than processual character. Music as frozen time, as an object in imaginary space evoked by music in our imagination, as a creation which really develops in time, but in imagination it exists simultaneously in all its moments. The spell of time, the enduring its passing by, closing it in a moment of the present is my main intention as a composer. .
(Gyorgy Ligeti)
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Piano et Orchestre
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Gyorgy Ligeti (1923-2006)
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Concerto
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Schott Music - Digital
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