SKU: SU.00220207

Composed by Igor Stravinsky. Strings, Contrabass. CD (PDF Scores). CD Sheet Music #00220207. Published by CD Sheet Music (SU.00220207).

AVAILABLE FOR SALE TO U.S. CUSTOMERS ONLY The complete Double Bass parts [CD-ROM] for the 48 orchestral works included in The Orchestra Musician's CD-ROM Library™, Volume 8: Stravinsky, Bartók and more. If these parts were purchased separately, this collection could cost several hundred dollars. Parts are easily viewable and printable on either PC or Mac using embedded Adobe® Reader technology. Contents: BARTÓK Rhapsody for Piano and Orchestra, Suite No. 1, Suite No. 2, 2 Portraits, 2 Images, 4 Pieces, Romanian Folk Dances; CARPENTER Adventures in a Perambulator (Fantastic Suite); DOHNÁNYI Variations on a Nursery Song; ENESCO Romanian Rhapsody No. 1, Romanian Rhapsody No. 2; FALLA Nights in the Gardens of Spain, La Vida Breve Dance, The Three-Cornered Hat Dances; GLAZUNOV Violin Concerto; JANÁCEK Lachian Dances 1-6; MILHAUDSuite No. 2 Symphonique, Saudades do Brasil; PROKOFIEV Piano Concerto No. 1, Piano Concerto No. 3, Violin Concerto No. 1, Symphony No. 1 (Classical); RACHMANINOFF Symphony No. 1, Symphony No. 2, Isle of the Dead, Piano Concerto No. 1, Piano Concerto No. 2, Piano Concerto No. 3; RESPIGHI Ancient Airs and Dances Suite No. 1, Fountains of Rome, Concerto Gregoriano; STRAVINSKY Petrushka Suite, The Rite of Spring (1911 version), Chant du Rossignol (original version), Pulcinella Suite, Suite No. 1 for Small Orchestra, Fireworks, L'Histoire du Soldat, Scherzo Fantastique, Four Studies for Orchestra, Symphony No. 1; VAUGHAN WILLIAMS Symphony No. 1 (Sea), Symphony No. 2 (London), Symphony No. 3 (Pastoral), Wasps Overture (Suite), Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis, Fantasia on Christmas Carols, Five Mystical Songs Visit for more information

Ple ase note, customers using Macintosh computers running macOS Catalina (version 10.5) have reported hardware compatibility issues with this product. If you encounter these issues, we recommend copying the entire contents of the disk to a contained folder on a thumb drive or other storage device for use on your Mac.

Full Score (Score) - 1.5-3

SKU: HL.4006602

Composed by Thomas C. Duffy. BandQuest. Softcover. 14 pages. Duration 235 seconds. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.4006602).

UPC: 840126919172. 11.0x17.0x0.049 inches.

Scalin' and Wailin' is a flexible, fun piece written with a differentiated instruction model. Three different difficulty levels meet students where they're at in their development and allows space for each to grow. This piece is also ideal for educators and conductors looking for side by side programming - younger ensembles can all play within the easiest group and more advanced ensembles can play within the more difficult groups, all fitting together in one energetic piece. Celebrate BandQuest's 20th anniversary with this special release, and find what works for your ensemble! BandQuest(r), an exciting series of new music and accompanying curricula for band, is a program published by the American Composers Forum. The series was started as a response to feedback from music educators that there is a pressing need for new, fresh band music. The heart of this program is new works written by a diverse group of leading American composers who have created challenging pieces that are a true departure from standard middle school repertoire. Every BandQuest project includes a residency component in which the composer works collaboratively with a middle school as they create their new piece. Many BandQuest pieces are accompanied by an interdisciplinary curriculum designed to assist students as they learn the music and to integrate each piece with non-music studies. Visit www.bandquest.org to learn more about this innovative series, and email bandquest@composersforum. org to request a free downloadable audio catalog.

Jazz Piano

SKU: SP.TS154

Composed by Jonathon Robbins. Arranged by Tony Santorella/Jonathon Robbins. Collection; Jazz. Book and CD. Santorella Publications #TS154. Published by Santorella Publications (SP.TS154).

ISBN 9781585602544. UPC: 649571001541.

The Classics to Jazz collection published by Santorella Publications features some of the most popular masterworks from four of the greatest musical geniuses in history. Each piece is first presented in its original form and then on the following page, it is arranged with a Jazz feel. The Classics to Jazz series is a great educational tool for the advancing pianist making the transition from Classical studies to the exciting world of Jazz Piano. These curiously irresistible melodies arranged and edited by Jonathon Robbins will grab you as soon as you begin to play. Fun and exciting, these pieces will become the most played tunes in your library. The Complete Highlights features the works of Carl Czerny, Charles Hanon, Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. This late intermediate to advanced text is a must have - must study assortment of challenging crossover pieces for those who would like to get some fun back into their practice sessions. The Classics to Jazz * Complete Highlight Edition published by Santorella Publications includes a performance CD. Each classic exercise and jazz piece is played up to tempo by Craig Stevens on an acoustic grand piano. This Craig Stevens performance is truly remarkable! All we can say is Wow and so too, will you! These four fabulous sections include: Johann Sebastian Bach: Bouree in E Minor - Minuet in G - March in D - Corrente - Minuet in G Minor - Little Prelude * (derived from the masterworks of J. S. Bach). Carl Czerny: Exercise No. 1 - 15 - 20 - 22 - 25 - 34 - 37 - 42 - 59 - 63 - 70 * (derived from Czerny's 160 Eight-measure Exercises). Charles L. Hanon: Exercise No. 1 - 2 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 8 * (derived from Hanon's Sixty Exercises for the Virtuoso Pianist). Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Andante - Larghetto - Minuet in G - Minuet in D - Minuet in F - Minuet in C * (derived from the masterworks of W. A. Mozart).

Band concert band - Grade 2.5

SKU: KJ.WB318F

Composed by Michael Oare. Standard of Excellence in Concert. Score. Neil A. Kjos Music Company #WB318F. Published by Neil A. Kjos Music Company (KJ.WB318F).

Written as a tribute to the seafaring and shipbuilding traditions of Portsmouth, Virginia, this enchanting and heartfelt composition overflows with colorful sonorities and rich textures. The percussion section has a big role in solidifying temp changes while the flutes are responsible for introducing the main theme. The rich melody moves throughout the band, incorporating several countermelodies and interesting effects in the percussion. The band will want to perform this engaging tune over and over!

About Standard of Excellence in Concert

Th e Standard of Excellence In Concert series presents exceptional arrangements, transcriptions, and original concert and festival pieces for beginning and intermediate band. Each selection is correlated to a specific page in the Standard of Excellence Band Method, reinforcing and expanding skills and concepts introduced in the method up to that point. Exciting parts with extensive cross-cueing are presented for every player. Accessible ranges, appropriate rhythmic challenges, and creative percussion section writing enhance the pedagogical value of the series.

Sold individually, each In Concert selection includes a full Conductor Score and enough student parts for large symphonic bands. Each student part also includes correlated Warm-Up Studies. The Conductor Score comes complete with rehearsal suggestions, a composer biography, program notes, a rehearsal piano part, several ready-to-duplicate worksheets and a duplicable written quiz.

Violoncello (solo: clar - 2.0.0.2 - 2.0.0.0 - str)

SKU: BR.OB-4447-23

Composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Orchestra; stapled. Orchester-Bibliothek (Orchestral Library). Solo concerto; Classical. Part. 8 pages. Duration 31'. Breitkopf and Haertel #OB 4447-23. Published by Breitkopf and Haertel (BR.OB-4447-23).

ISBN 9790004309735. 10 x 12.5 inches.

Thanks to a detailed sketch, we know that Mozart originally wrote his famous Clarinet Concerto K. 622 for basset horn in G or A. It was only in the early editions dating from the 19th century that this work - considered as the Clarinet Concerto par excellence - became unproblematic to play an the A clarinet. However, source studies have revealed that this was made possible only at the price of considerable un-Mozartian alterations of the solo Part. Sabine Meyer, Wolfgang Meyer and Reiner Wehle, the members of the Trio di Clarone, haue eliminated some of these modifications in their new edition, restoring Mozart's original intentions. However, their critical revision in no way impedes the performability of the A-major Concerto.

Die Neuausgabe eines Klavierauszuges verdient besonderes Interesse, da als Herausgeber mit Sabine Meyer, Wolfgang Meyer und Reiner Wehle uberaus kompetente Musiker fungieren. Die Sorgfalt, mit der gearbeitet wurde, merkt man sowohl dem Schriftbild als auch dem informativen Vorwort an.(Das Liebhaberochester)

Composed by William Bay. Flatpicking, Jazz and Contemporary, Technique, Theory and Reference. Achieving Guitar Artistry. Book. 100 pages. Published by Mel Bay Publications, Inc

Classics to Jazz * Hanon composed by Charles-Louis Hanon. Edited by Jonathon Robbins. Arranged by Tony Santorella. For jazz piano. This edition: Paperback. Collection. Jazz. Book. Text Language: English. 48 pages. Published by Santorella Publications

SKU: HL.49000521

Leben - Werke - Dokumente. Composed by Johann Peter Vogel. This edition: Hardback/Hard Cover. Book. Edition Schott. Classical. 357 pages. Schott Music #ATL6239. Published by Schott Music (HL.49000521).

ISBN 9783254002396. UPC: 884088599966. 5.5x8.75x1.29 inches. German.

The image of Hans Pfitzer, unlike that of his fellow composers Mahler, Strauss or Schoenberg, still is under a veneer of myth-making: Benevolent biographers stylized him as a national fighter, the last romantic or the other-worldly loner while critics generalized individual negative traits and regarded him as a querulous person and misanthropist, a reactionary and conservative. In fact, his thinking and music-making were rooted in the 19th century, and it is only today that the independence and originality of his works seem to be noticed much clearer from an evolved historical perspective. Based on the meticulous studies of all sources, the author draws an understanding as well as critical and differentiated picture of Pfitzner and, looking beyond the main work 'Palestrina', turns the reader's gaze to a multi-faceted oeuvre.

Composed by William Bay. For Guitar (Fingerpicking). Perfect binding. Intermediate. Book. 100 pages. Published by Mel Bay Publications, Inc

Clarinet SKU: HU.F0571526861 Woodwind, Repertoire, Collections. Softcover Book. 72 pages. Faber Music #F0571526861. Published by Faber Music

Fanfare Band - Grade 2.5

SKU: BT.AMP-034-020

Composed by Max Reger. Arranged by Philip Sparke. Ceremonial Series. Hymns & Chorals. Set (Score & Parts). Composed 2003. Anglo Music Press #AMP 034-020. Published by Anglo Music Press (BT.AMP-034-020).

During his short lifetime Max Reger (1873-1916) was a prolific composer with many of his best known works being composed for organ. The ten chorale preludes in this selection are from his set of Thirty Short Chorale Preludes Op.135a composed as short voluntaries for liturgical use rather than for recitals in these arrangements Philip Sparke has kept this in mind and each prelude can be performed with minimal instrumentation for those occasions where a small band is needed. They also make great pieces for band warm-ups or studies in intonation, sound and balance.

Max Reger komponierte eine Fülle an Werken vieler Genres. Unter anderem schrieb er 30 kleine Vorspiele zu den gebräuchlichsten Chorälen für Orgel, die mehr als für den liturgischen Rahmen, denn als Vortragsstücke gedacht waren. Seine Blasorchesterbearbeitung dieser zehn Präludien machte Philip Sparke daher für eine minimale Besetzung spielbar, so dass sie auch Gottesdienst verwendet werden können. Außerdem eignen sie sich auch hervorragend als Aufwärmstücke, Stimm-, Klang- oder Balanceübungen oder in verschiedenen Zusammenstellungen als kleine Suiten für den Konzertgebrauch. Eine vielseitige Sammlung, die in keinem Repertoire fehlen sollte!

SKU: GI.G-9915

Composed by Frank Eychaner. Music Education. GIA Publications #9915. Published by GIA Publications (GI.G-9915).

ISBN 9781622774371.

In the world of music conducting there exist fundamental practices shared by all conductors regardless of the type of ensemble they conduct. Foundations of Conducting Technique is a comprehensive beginning conducting text—compl ete with pictures, online videos, and supplemental conducting etudes—to facilitate the development of a clear and expressive conducting technique. In this volume, author Frank Eychaner addresses three major areas for beginning conductors: gestural technique, score study, and leadership. For gestural technique, the text details a number of technical skills, including the appropriate use of the body, the roles of the right and left hand, basic conducting patterns and their derivatives, an application of Laban movement analysis, the importance of the conducting planes, and conducting with varied articulations (staccato, legato, and marcato), among others. Using direct language, Eychaner details clear cause and effect relationships between gesture and sound. In addressing score study, Eychaner states that all conducting gestures must be guided b y an accurate and artistic aural image of a musical work. Rather than advocating for one particular approach, this volume presents a number of possible score study methods for the student to explore. The author also includes a convenient and complete score study checklist. Finally, the text addresses how to be an effective and ethical leader from the podium. Eychaner presents the transformational leadership model—a holistic and dynamic approach to leadershipâ€â€� �as a positive pathway for improving the conductor’ s effectiveness on and off the podium. Supplementing the text are music etudes to help students develop the technical skills of the conductor. The exercises are intentionally simple, consisting mostly of rhythmic materials and folk-like melodies, so that conductors can focus on mastery of gestural skills. Foundations of Conducting Technique is a major contribution to conducting pedagogy and an extraordinary resource that distills the essence of effective conducting gesture. An ideal text for undergraduate conducting courses, it is also a practical reference for anyone employed in the field, including music educators, church musicians, leaders of community ensembles, and professional conductors of all ensembles. Frank Eychaner, an international leader in conducting pedagogy, has been an educator and conductor for twenty-five years, working in public schools as well as with professional, collegiate, community, and church ensembles. He is currently Director of Choral and Vocal Studies at The University of Texas of the Permian Basin, where he teaches conducting, choral methods, and choral pedagogy, and conducts the Chamber Choir, Concert Choir, and Men’s and Women’s Choirs. Figure 29.5. Duruflé Requiem. Figure 29.6. Handel's Messiah. Of the Father's Love Begotten Give Thanks Appendix A: Conducting Evaluation Form Extended Bibliography.

Band concert band - Grade 1.5

SKU: KJ.WB292F

Composed by Michael Grady. Standard of Excellence in Concert. Jazz Ensemble. Score. Neil A. Kjos Music Company #WB292F. Published by Neil A. Kjos Music Company (KJ.WB292F).

UPC: 8402703426.

Expose your students to program music with this challenging and dramatic, yet playable composition. Great for contests and festivals.

About Standard of Excellence in Concert

Th e Standard of Excellence In Concert series presents exceptional arrangements, transcriptions, and original concert and festival pieces for beginning and intermediate band. Each selection is correlated to a specific page in the Standard of Excellence Band Method, reinforcing and expanding skills and concepts introduced in the method up to that point. Exciting parts with extensive cross-cueing are presented for every player. Accessible ranges, appropriate rhythmic challenges, and creative percussion section writing enhance the pedagogical value of the series.

Sold individually, each In Concert selection includes a full Conductor Score and enough student parts for large symphonic bands. Each student part also includes correlated Warm-Up Studies. The Conductor Score comes complete with rehearsal suggestions, a composer biography, program notes, a rehearsal piano part, several ready-to-duplicate worksheets and a duplicable written quiz.

By Cassia Harvey. Edited by Judith Harvey. For violin. Instructional; string techniques. Method book. 45 pages

Piano

SKU: PA.H07325

Composed by Emil Hradecky. Czech title: Male jazzove album. Teaching Manuals. Performance score. With Publication language: Czech/German/English. Editio Baerenreiter Praha #H07325_00. Published by Editio Baerenreiter Praha (PA.H07325).

ISBN 9790260101074. 31 x 23.5 cm inches.

Emil Hradecky is a prominent Czech composer frequently inspired by dance music and jazz. Since completing his studies at the Prague Conservatory he has written various tutors, textbooks and instructive compositions for children. His works are distinguished by their fresh melodies and distinctive rhythms.

By Heller. For piano. Published by ABRSM (Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music).

Orchestra string orchestra - Grade 1.5

SKU: KJ.SO211F

Composed by Kathy Cook and Robert Frost. Artistry in Strings. Score. Neil A. Kjos Music Company #SO211F. Published by Neil A. Kjos Music Company (KJ.SO211F).

All players have interesting parts and have a chance to explore finger patterns found in the key of C major. The 1st violin part includes 4th finger.

About Artistry in Strings

Ar tistry in Strings is a groundbreaking string method that will be at home in your classroom or private studio. Its comprehensive approach contains all the basic tools necessary to establish solid technique and expressive music making. Artistry in Strings is a music educator's dream, combining a performance-centered approach with optional theory, composing, listening, assessment, and interdisciplinary and multi-cultural studies.

Authors Robert S. Frost, Gerald Fischbach, and Wendy Barden have combined their vast experience as educators to provide a string method that is well paced for all types of beginning string classes. Regardless of class frequency and duration, or class size and student age, Artistry in Strings will assist you to achieve superior results.

Fanfare Band - Grade 2.5

SKU: BT.AMP-034-120

Composed by Max Reger. Arranged by Philip Sparke. Ceremonial Series. Hymns & Chorals. Score Only. Composed 2003. Anglo Music Press #AMP 034-120. Published by Anglo Music Press (BT.AMP-034-120).

During his short lifetime Max Reger (1873-1916) was a prolific composer with many of his best known works being composed for organ. The ten chorale preludes in this selection are from his set of Thirty Short Chorale Preludes Op.135a composed as short voluntaries for liturgical use rather than for recitals in these arrangements Philip Sparke has kept this in mind and each prelude can be performed with minimal instrumentation for those occasions where a small band is needed. They also make great pieces for band warm-ups or studies in intonation, sound and balance.

Max Reger komponierte eine Fülle an Werken vieler Genres. Unter anderem schrieb er 30 kleine Vorspiele zu den gebräuchlichsten Chorälen für Orgel, die mehr als für den liturgischen Rahmen, denn als Vortragsstücke gedacht waren. Seine Blasorchesterbearbeitung dieser zehn Präludien machte Philip Sparke daher für eine minimale Besetzung spielbar, so dass sie auch Gottesdienst verwendet werden können. Außerdem eignen sie sich auch hervorragend als Aufwärmstücke, Stimm-, Klang- oder Balanceübungen oder in verschiedenen Zusammenstellungen als kleine Suiten für den Konzertgebrauch. Eine vielseitige Sammlung, die in keinem Repertoire fehlen sollte!

Chamber Music Piano

SKU: CF.PL1056

Composed by Clara Wieck-Schumann, Franz Schubert, and Robert Schumann. Edited by Nicholas Hopkins. Collection. With Standard notation. 128 pages. Carl Fischer Music #PL1056. Published by Carl Fischer Music (CF.PL1056).

ISBN 9781491153390. UPC: 680160910892. Transcribed by Franz Liszt.

Introduction It is true that Schubert himself is somewhat to blame for the very unsatisfactory manner in which his admirable piano pieces are treated. He was too immoderately productive, wrote incessantly, mixing insignificant with important things, grand things with mediocre work, paid no heed to criticism, and always soared on his wings. Like a bird in the air, he lived in music and sang in angelic fashion. --Franz Liszt, letter to Dr. S. Lebert (1868) Of those compositions that greatly interest me, there are only Chopin's and yours. --Franz Liszt, letter to Robert Schumann (1838) She [Clara Schumann] was astounded at hearing me. Her compositions are really very remarkable, especially for a woman. There is a hundred times more creativity and real feeling in them than in all the past and present fantasias by Thalberg. --Franz Liszt, letter to Marie d'Agoult (1838) Chretien Urhan (1790-1845) was a Belgian-born violinist, organist and composer who flourished in the musical life of Paris in the early nineteenth century. According to various accounts, he was deeply religious, harshly ascetic and wildly eccentric, though revered by many important and influential members of the Parisian musical community. Regrettably, history has forgotten Urhan's many musical achievements, the most important of which was arguably his pioneering work in promoting the music of Franz Schubert. He devoted much of his energies to championing Schubert's music, which at the time was unknown outside of Vienna. Undoubtedly, Urhan was responsible for stimulating this enthusiasm in Franz Liszt; Liszt regularly heard Urhan's organ playing in the St.-Vincent-de-Paul church in Paris, and the two became personal acquaintances. At eighteen years of age, Liszt was on the verge of establishing himself as the foremost pianist in Europe, and this awakening to Schubert's music would prove to be a profound experience. Liszt's first travels outside of his native provincial Hungary were to Vienna in 1821-1823, where his father enrolled him in studies with Carl Czerny (piano) and Antonio Salieri (music theory). Both men had important involvements with Schubert; Czerny (like Urhan) as performer and advocate of Schubert's music and Salieri as his theory and composition teacher from 1813-1817. Curiously, Liszt and Schubert never met personally, despite their geographical proximity in Vienna during these years. Inevitably, legends later arose that the two had been personal acquaintances, although Liszt would dismiss these as fallacious: I never knew Schubert personally, he was once quoted as saying. Liszt's initial exposure to Schubert's music was the Lieder, what Urhan prized most of all. He accompanied the tenor Benedict Randhartinger in numerous performances of Schubert's Lieder and then, perhaps realizing that he could benefit the composer more on his own terms, transcribed a number of the Lieder for piano solo. Many of these transcriptions he would perform himself on concert tour during the so-called Glanzzeit, or time of splendor from 1839-1847. This publicity did much to promote reception of Schubert's music throughout Europe. Once Liszt retired from the concert stage and settled in Weimar as a conductor in the 1840s, he continued to perform Schubert's orchestral music, his Symphony No. 9 being a particular favorite, and is credited with giving the world premiere performance of Schubert's opera Alfonso und Estrella in 1854. At this time, he contemplated writing a biography of the composer, which regrettably remained uncompleted. Liszt's devotion to Schubert would never waver. Liszt's relationship with Robert and Clara Schumann was far different and far more complicated; by contrast, they were all personal acquaintances. What began as a relationship of mutual respect and admiration soon deteriorated into one of jealousy and hostility, particularly on the Schumann's part. Liszt's initial contact with Robert's music happened long before they had met personally, when Liszt published an analysis of Schumann's piano music for the Gazette musicale in 1837, a gesture that earned Robert's deep appreciation. In the following year Clara met Liszt during a concert tour in Vienna and presented him with more of Schumann's piano music. Clara and her father Friedrich Wieck, who accompanied Clara on her concert tours, were quite taken by Liszt: We have heard Liszt. He can be compared to no other player...he arouses fright and astonishment. His appearance at the piano is indescribable. He is an original...he is absorbed by the piano. Liszt, too, was impressed with Clara--at first the energy, intelligence and accuracy of her piano playing and later her compositions--to the extent that he dedicated to her the 1838 version of his Etudes d'execution transcendante d'apres Paganini. Liszt had a closer personal relationship with Clara than with Robert until the two men finally met in 1840. Schumann was astounded by Liszt's piano playing. He wrote to Clara that Liszt had played like a god and had inspired indescribable furor of applause. His review of Liszt even included a heroic personification with Napoleon. In Leipzig, Schumann was deeply impressed with Liszt's interpretations of his Noveletten, Op. 21 and Fantasy in C Major, Op. 17 (dedicated to Liszt), enthusiastically observing that, I feel as if I had known you twenty years. Yet a variety of events followed that diminished Liszt's glory in the eyes of the Schumanns. They became critical of the cult-like atmosphere that arose around his recitals, or Lisztomania as it came to be called; conceivably, this could be attributed to professional jealousy. Clara, in particular, came to loathe Liszt, noting in a letter to Joseph Joachim, I despise Liszt from the depths of my soul. She recorded a stunning diary entry a day after Liszt's death, in which she noted, He was an eminent keyboard virtuoso, but a dangerous example for the young...As a composer he was terrible. By contrast, Liszt did not share in these negative sentiments; no evidence suggests that he had any ill-regard for the Schumanns. In Weimar, he did much to promote Schumann's music, conducting performances of his Scenes from Faust and Manfred, during a time in which few orchestras expressed interest, and premiered his opera Genoveva. He later arranged a benefit concert for Clara following Robert's death, featuring Clara as soloist in Robert's Piano Concerto, an event that must have been exhilarating to witness. Regardless, her opinion of him would never change, despite his repeated gestures of courtesy and respect. Liszt's relationship with Schubert was a spiritual one, with music being the one and only link between the two men. That with the Schumanns was personal, with music influenced by a hero worship that would aggravate the relationship over time. Nonetheless, Liszt would remain devoted to and enthusiastic for the music and achievements of these composers. He would be a vital force in disseminating their music to a wider audience, as he would be with many other composers throughout his career. His primary means for accomplishing this was the piano transcription. Liszt and the Transcription Transcription versus Paraphrase Transcription and paraphrase were popular terms in nineteenth-century music, although certainly not unique to this period. Musicians understood that there were clear distinctions between these two terms, but as is often the case these distinctions could be blurred. Transcription, literally writing over, entails reworking or adapting a piece of music for a performance medium different from that of its original; arrangement is a possible synonym. Adapting is a key part of this process, for the success of a transcription relies on the transcriber's ability to adapt the piece to the different medium. As a result, the pre-existing material is generally kept intact, recognizable and intelligible; it is strict, literal, objective. Contextual meaning is maintained in the process, as are elements of style and form. Paraphrase, by contrast, implies restating something in a different manner, as in a rewording of a document for reasons of clarity. In nineteenth-century music, paraphrasing indicated elaborating a piece for purposes of expressive virtuosity, often as a vehicle for showmanship. Variation is an important element, for the source material may be varied as much as the paraphraser's imagination will allow; its purpose is metamorphosis. Transcription is adapting and arranging; paraphrasing is transforming and reworking. Transcription preserves the style of the original; paraphrase absorbs the original into a different style. Transcription highlights the original composer; paraphrase highlights the paraphraser. Approximately half of Liszt's compositional output falls under the category of transcription and paraphrase; it is noteworthy that he never used the term arrangement. Much of his early compositional activities were transcriptions and paraphrases of works of other composers, such as the symphonies of Beethoven and Berlioz, vocal music by Schubert, and operas by Donizetti and Bellini. It is conceivable that he focused so intently on work of this nature early in his career as a means to perfect his compositional technique, although transcription and paraphrase continued well after the technique had been mastered; this might explain why he drastically revised and rewrote many of his original compositions from the 1830s (such as the Transcendental Etudes and Paganini Etudes) in the 1850s. Charles Rosen, a sympathetic interpreter of Liszt's piano works, observes, The new revisions of the Transcendental Etudes are not revisions but concert paraphrases of the old, and their art lies in the technique of transformation. The Paganini etudes are piano transcriptions of violin etudes, and the Transcendental Etudes are piano transcriptions of piano etudes. The principles are the same. He concludes by noting, Paraphrase has shaded off into composition...Composition and paraphrase were not identical for him, but they were so closely interwoven that separation is impossible. The significance of transcription and paraphrase for Liszt the composer cannot be overstated, and the mutual influence of each needs to be better understood. Undoubtedly, Liszt the composer as we know him today would be far different had he not devoted so much of his career to transcribing and paraphrasing the music of others. He was perhaps one of the first composers to contend that transcription and paraphrase could be genuine art forms on equal par with original pieces; he even claimed to be the first to use these two terms to describe these classes of arrangements. Despite the success that Liszt achieved with this type of work, others viewed it with circumspection and criticism. Robert Schumann, although deeply impressed with Liszt's keyboard virtuosity, was harsh in his criticisms of the transcriptions. Schumann interpreted them as indicators that Liszt's virtuosity had hindered his compositional development and suggested that Liszt transcribed the music of others to compensate for his own compositional deficiencies. Nonetheless, Liszt's piano transcriptions, what he sometimes called partitions de piano (or piano scores), were instrumental in promoting composers whose music was unknown at the time or inaccessible in areas outside of major European capitals, areas that Liszt willingly toured during his Glanzzeit. To this end, the transcriptions had to be literal arrangements for the piano; a Beethoven symphony could not be introduced to an unknowing audience if its music had been subjected to imaginative elaborations and variations. The same would be true of the 1833 transcription of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (composed only three years earlier), the astonishingly novel content of which would necessitate a literal and intelligible rendering. Opera, usually more popular and accessible for the general public, was a different matter, and in this realm Liszt could paraphrase the original and manipulate it as his imagination would allow without jeopardizing its reception; hence, the paraphrases on the operas of Bellini, Donizetti, Mozart, Meyerbeer and Verdi. Reminiscence was another term coined by Liszt for the opera paraphrases, as if the composer were reminiscing at the keyboard following a memorable evening at the opera. Illustration (reserved on two occasions for Meyerbeer) and fantasy were additional terms. The operas of Wagner were exceptions. His music was less suited to paraphrase due to its general lack of familiarity at the time. Transcription of Wagner's music was thus obligatory, as it was of Beethoven's and Berlioz's music; perhaps the composer himself insisted on this approach. Liszt's Lieder Transcriptions Liszt's initial encounters with Schubert's music, as mentioned previously, were with the Lieder. His first transcription of a Schubert Lied was Die Rose in 1833, followed by Lob der Tranen in 1837. Thirty-nine additional transcriptions appeared at a rapid pace over the following three years, and in 1846, the Schubert Lieder transcriptions would conclude, by which point he had completed fifty-eight, the most of any composer. Critical response to these transcriptions was highly favorable--aside from the view held by Schumann--particularly when Liszt himself played these pieces in concert. Some were published immediately by Anton Diabelli, famous for the theme that inspired Beethoven's variations. Others were published by the Viennese publisher Tobias Haslinger (one of Beethoven's and Schubert's publishers in the 1820s), who sold his reserves so quickly that he would repeatedly plead for more. However, Liszt's enthusiasm for work of this nature soon became exhausted, as he noted in a letter of 1839 to the publisher Breitkopf und Hartel: That good Haslinger overwhelms me with Schubert. I have just sent him twenty-four new songs (Schwanengesang and Winterreise), and for the moment I am rather tired of this work. Haslinger was justified in his demands, for the Schubert transcriptions were received with great enthusiasm. One Gottfried Wilhelm Fink, then editor of the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, observed of these transcriptions: Nothing in recent memory has caused such sensation and enjoyment in both pianists and audiences as these arrangements...The demand for them has in no way been satisfied; and it will not be until these arrangements are seen on pianos everywhere. They have indeed made quite a splash. Eduard Hanslick, never a sympathetic critic of Liszt's music, acknowledged thirty years after the fact that, Liszt's transcriptions of Schubert Lieder were epoch-making. There was hardly a concert in which Liszt did not have to play one or two of them--even when they were not listed on the program. These transcriptions quickly became some of his most sough-after pieces, despite their extreme technical demands. Leading pianists of the day, such as Clara Wieck and Sigismond Thalberg, incorporated them into their concert programs immediately upon publication. Moreover, the transcriptions would serve as inspirations for other composers, such as Stephen Heller, Cesar Franck and later Leopold Godowsky, all of whom produced their own transcriptions of Schubert's Lieder. Liszt would transcribe the Lieder of other composers as well, including those by Mendelssohn, Chopin, Anton Rubinstein and even himself. Robert Schumann, of course, would not be ignored. The first transcription of a Schumann Lied was the celebrated Widmung from Myrten in 1848, the only Schumann transcription that Liszt completed during the composer's lifetime. (Regrettably, there is no evidence of Schumann's regard of this transcription, or even if he was aware of it.) From the years 1848-1881, Liszt transcribed twelve of Robert Schumann's Lieder (including one orchestral Lied) and three of Clara (one from each of her three published Lieder cycles); he would transcribe no other works of these two composers. The Schumann Lieder transcriptions, contrary to those of Schubert, are literal arrangements, posing, in general, far fewer demands on the pianist's technique. They are comparatively less imaginative in their treatment of the original material. Additionally, they seem to have been less valued in their day than the Schubert transcriptions, and it is noteworthy that none of the Schumann transcriptions bear dedications, as most of the Schubert transcriptions do. The greatest challenge posed by Lieder transcriptions, regardless of the composer or the nature of the transcription, was to combine the vocal and piano parts of the original such that the character of each would be preserved, a challenge unique to this form of transcription. Each part had to be intact and aurally recognizable, the vocal line in particular. Complications could be manifold in a Lied that featured dissimilar parts, such as Schubert's Auf dem Wasser zu singen, whose piano accompaniment depicts the rocking of the boat on the shimmering waves while the vocal line reflects on the passing of time. Similar complications would be encountered in Gretchen am Spinnrade, in which the ubiquitous sixteenth-note pattern in the piano's right hand epitomizes the ever-turning spinning wheel over which the soprano voice expresses feelings of longing and heartache. The resulting transcriptions for solo piano would place exceptional demands on the pianist. The complications would be far less imposing in instances in which voice and piano were less differentiated, as in many of Schumann's Lieder that Liszt transcribed. The piano parts in these Lieder are true accompaniments for the voice, providing harmonic foundation and rhythmic support by doubling the vocal line throughout. The transcriptions, thus, are strict and literal, with far fewer demands on both pianist and transcriber. In all of Liszt's Lieder transcriptions, regardless of the way in which the two parts are combined, the melody (i.e. the vocal line) is invariably the focal point; the melody should sing on the piano, as if it were the voice. The piano part, although integral to contributing to the character of the music, is designed to function as accompaniment. A singing melody was a crucial objective in nineteenth-century piano performance, which in part might explain the zeal in transcribing and paraphrasing vocal music for the piano. Friedrich Wieck, father and teacher of Clara Schumann, stressed this point repeatedly in his 1853 treatise Clavier und Gesang (Piano and Song): When I speak in general of singing, I refer to that species of singing which is a form of beauty, and which is a foundation for the most refined and most perfect interpretation of music; and, above all things, I consider the culture of beautiful tones the basis for the finest possible touch on the piano. In many respects, the piano and singing should explain and supplement each other. They should mutually assist in expressing the sublime and the noble, in forms of unclouded beauty. Much of Liszt's piano music should be interpreted with this concept in mind, the Lieder transcriptions and opera paraphrases, in particular. To this end, Liszt provided numerous written instructions to the performer to emphasize the vocal line in performance, with Italian directives such as un poco marcato il canto, accentuato assai il canto and ben pronunziato il canto. Repeated indications of cantando,singend and espressivo il canto stress the significance of the singing tone. As an additional means of achieving this and providing the performer with access to the poetry, Liszt insisted, at what must have been a publishing novelty at the time, on printing the words of the Lied in the music itself. Haslinger, seemingly oblivious to Liszt's intent, initially printed the poems of the early Schubert transcriptions separately inside the front covers. Liszt argued that the transcriptions must be reprinted with the words underlying the notes, exactly as Schubert had done, a request that was honored by printing the words above the right-hand staff. Liszt also incorporated a visual scheme for distinguishing voice and accompaniment, influenced perhaps by Chopin, by notating the accompaniment in cue size. His transcription of Robert Schumann's Fruhlings Ankunft features the vocal line in normal size, the piano accompaniment in reduced size, an unmistakable guide in a busy texture as to which part should be emphasized: Example 1. Schumann-Liszt Fruhlings Ankunft, mm. 1-2. The same practice may be found in the transcription of Schumann's An die Turen will ich schleichen. In this piece, the performer must read three staves, in which the baritone line in the central staff is to be shared between the two hands based on the stem direction of the notes: Example 2. Schumann-Liszt An die Turen will ich schleichen, mm. 1-5. This notational practice is extremely beneficial in this instance, given the challenge of reading three staves and the manner in which the vocal line is performed by the two hands. Curiously, Liszt did not use this practice in other transcriptions. Approaches in Lieder Transcription Liszt adopted a variety of approaches in his Lieder transcriptions, based on the nature of the source material, the ways in which the vocal and piano parts could be combined and the ways in which the vocal part could sing. One approach, common with strophic Lieder, in which the vocal line would be identical in each verse, was to vary the register of the vocal part. The transcription of Lob der Tranen, for example, incorporates three of the four verses of the original Lied, with the register of the vocal line ascending one octave with each verse (from low to high), as if three different voices were participating. By the conclusion, the music encompasses the entire range of Liszt's keyboard to produce a stunning climactic effect, and the variety of register of the vocal line provides a welcome textural variety in the absence of the words. The three verses of the transcription of Auf dem Wasser zu singen follow the same approach, in which the vocal line ascends from the tenor, to the alto and to the soprano registers with each verse. Fruhlingsglaube adopts the opposite approach, in which the vocal line descends from soprano in verse 1 to tenor in verse 2, with the second part of verse 2 again resuming the soprano register; this is also the case in Das Wandern from Mullerlieder. Gretchen am Spinnrade posed a unique problem. Since the poem's narrator is female, and the poem represents an expression of her longing for her lover Faust, variation of the vocal line's register, strictly speaking, would have been impractical. For this reason, the vocal line remains in its original register throughout, relentlessly colliding with the sixteenth-note pattern of the accompaniment. One exception may be found in the fifth and final verse in mm. 93-112, at which point the vocal line is notated in a higher register and doubled in octaves. This sudden textural change, one that is readily audible, was a strategic means to underscore Gretchen's mounting anxiety (My bosom urges itself toward him. Ah, might I grasp and hold him! And kiss him as I would wish, at his kisses I should die!). The transcription, thus, becomes a vehicle for maximizing the emotional content of the poem, an exceptional undertaking with the general intent of a transcription. Registral variation of the vocal part also plays a crucial role in the transcription of Erlkonig. Goethe's poem depicts the death of a child who is apprehended by a supernatural Erlking, and Schubert, recognizing the dramatic nature of the poem, carefully depicted the characters (father, son and Erlking) through unique vocal writing and accompaniment patterns: the Lied is a dramatic entity. Liszt, in turn, followed Schubert's characterization in this literal transcription, yet took it an additional step by placing the register of the father's vocal line in the baritone range, that of the son in the soprano range and that of the Erlking in the highest register, options that would not have been available in the version for voice and piano. Additionally, Liszt labeled each appearance of each character in the score, a means for guiding the performer in interpreting the dramatic qualities of the Lied. As a result, the drama and energy of the poem are enhanced in this transcription; as with Gretchen am Spinnrade, the transcriber has maximized the content of the original. Elaboration may be found in certain Lieder transcriptions that expand the performance to a level of virtuosity not found in the original; in such cases, the transcription approximates the paraphrase. Schubert's Du bist die Ruh, a paradigm of musical simplicity, features an uncomplicated piano accompaniment that is virtually identical in each verse. In Liszt's transcription, the material is subjected to a highly virtuosic treatment that far exceeds the original, including a demanding passage for the left hand alone in the opening measures and unique textural writing in each verse. The piece is a transcription in virtuosity; its art, as Rosen noted, lies in the technique of transformation. Elaboration may entail an expansion of the musical form, as in the extensive introduction to Die Forelle and a virtuosic middle section (mm. 63-85), both of which are not in the original. Also unique to this transcription are two cadenzas that Liszt composed in response to the poetic content. The first, in m. 93 on the words und eh ich es gedacht (and before I could guess it), features a twisted chromatic passage that prolongs and thereby heightens the listener's suspense as to the fate of the trout (which is ultimately caught). The second, in m. 108 on the words Betrogne an (and my blood boiled as I saw the betrayed one), features a rush of diminished-seventh arpeggios in both hands, epitomizing the poet's rage at the fisherman for catching the trout. Less frequent are instances in which the length of the original Lied was shortened in the transcription, a tendency that may be found with certain strophic Lieder (e.g., Der Leiermann, Wasserflut and Das Wandern). Another transcription that demonstrates Liszt's readiness to modify the original in the interests of the poetic content is Standchen, the seventh transcription from Schubert's Schwanengesang. Adapted from Act II of Shakespeare's Cymbeline, the poem represents the repeated beckoning of a man to his lover. Liszt transformed the Lied into a miniature drama by transcribing the vocal line of the first verse in the soprano register, that of the second verse in the baritone register, in effect, creating a dialogue between the two lovers. In mm. 71-102, the dialogue becomes a canon, with one voice trailing the other like an echo (as labeled in the score) at the distance of a beat. As in other instances, the transcription resembles the paraphrase, and it is perhaps for this reason that Liszt provided an ossia version that is more in the nature of a literal transcription. The ossia version, six measures shorter than Schubert's original, is less demanding technically than the original transcription, thus representing an ossia of transcription and an ossia of piano technique. The Schumann Lieder transcriptions, in general, display a less imaginative treatment of the source material. Elaborations are less frequently encountered, and virtuosity is more restricted, as if the passage of time had somewhat tamed the composer's approach to transcriptions; alternatively, Liszt was eager to distance himself from the fierce virtuosity of his early years. In most instances, these transcriptions are literal arrangements of the source material, with the vocal line in its original form combined with the accompaniment, which often doubles the vocal line in the original Lied. Widmung, the first of the Schumann transcriptions, is one exception in the way it recalls the virtuosity of the Schubert transcriptions of the 1830s. Particularly striking is the closing section (mm. 58-73), in which material of the opening verse (right hand) is combined with the triplet quarter notes (left hand) from the second section of the Lied (mm. 32-43), as if the transcriber were attempting to reconcile the different material of these two sections. Fruhlingsnacht resembles a paraphrase by presenting each of the two verses in differing registers (alto for verse 1, mm. 3-19, and soprano for verse 2, mm. 20-31) and by concluding with a virtuosic section that considerably extends the length of the original Lied. The original tonalities of the Lieder were generally retained in the transcriptions, showing that the tonality was an important part of the transcription process. The infrequent instances of transposition were done for specific reasons. In 1861, Liszt transcribed two of Schumann's Lieder, one from Op. 36 (An den Sonnenschein), another from Op. 27 (Dem roten Roslein), and merged these two pieces in the collection 2 Lieder; they share only the common tonality of A major. His choice for combining these two Lieder remains unknown, but he clearly recognized that some tonal variety would be needed, for which reason Dem roten Roslein was transposed to C>= major. The collection features An den Sonnenschein in A major (with a transition to the new tonality), followed by Dem roten Roslein in C>= major (without a change of key signature), and concluding with a reprise of An den Sonnenschein in A major. A three-part form was thus established with tonal variety provided by keys in third relations (A-C>=-A); in effect, two of Schumann's Lieder were transcribed into an archetypal song without words. In other instances, Liszt treated tonality and tonal organization as important structural ingredients, particularly in the transcriptions of Schubert's Lieder cycles, i.e. Schwanengesang, Winterreise a...

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