Chamber Music English Horn, Oboe SKU: CF.WF229 15 Pieces for Oboe and ...(+)
Chamber Music English
Horn, Oboe
SKU:
CF.WF229
15 Pieces
for Oboe and English
Horn. Composed by
Gustave Vogt. Edited by
Kristin Jean Leitterman.
Collection - Performance.
32+8 pages. Carl Fischer
Music #WF229. Published
by Carl Fischer Music
(CF.WF229).
Chamber Music Piano SKU: CF.PL1056 Composed by Clara Wieck-Schumann, Fran...(+)
Chamber Music Piano
SKU: CF.PL1056
Composed by Clara
Wieck-Schumann, Franz
Schubert, and Robert
Schumann. Edited by
Nicholas Hopkins.
Collection. With Standard
notation. 128 pages. Carl
Fischer Music #PL1056.
Published by Carl Fischer
Music (CF.PL1056).
ISBN 9781491153390.
UPC: 680160910892.
Transcribed by Franz
Liszt.
Introduction
It is true that Schubert
himself is somewhat to
blame for the very
unsatisfactory manner in
which his admirable piano
pieces are treated. He
was too immoderately
productive, wrote
incessantly, mixing
insignificant with
important things, grand
things with mediocre
work, paid no heed to
criticism, and always
soared on his wings. Like
a bird in the air, he
lived in music and sang
in angelic fashion.
--Franz Liszt, letter to
Dr. S. Lebert (1868) Of
those compositions that
greatly interest me,
there are only Chopin's
and yours. --Franz Liszt,
letter to Robert Schumann
(1838) She [Clara
Schumann] was astounded
at hearing me. Her
compositions are really
very remarkable,
especially for a woman.
There is a hundred times
more creativity and real
feeling in them than in
all the past and present
fantasias by Thalberg.
--Franz Liszt, letter to
Marie d'Agoult (1838)
Chretien Urhan
(1790-1845) was a
Belgian-born violinist,
organist and composer who
flourished in the musical
life of Paris in the
early nineteenth century.
According to various
accounts, he was deeply
religious, harshly
ascetic and wildly
eccentric, though revered
by many important and
influential members of
the Parisian musical
community. Regrettably,
history has forgotten
Urhan's many musical
achievements, the most
important of which was
arguably his pioneering
work in promoting the
music of Franz Schubert.
He devoted much of his
energies to championing
Schubert's music, which
at the time was unknown
outside of Vienna.
Undoubtedly, Urhan was
responsible for
stimulating this
enthusiasm in Franz
Liszt; Liszt regularly
heard Urhan's organ
playing in the
St.-Vincent-de-Paul
church in Paris, and the
two became personal
acquaintances. At
eighteen years of age,
Liszt was on the verge of
establishing himself as
the foremost pianist in
Europe, and this
awakening to Schubert's
music would prove to be a
profound experience.
Liszt's first travels
outside of his native
provincial Hungary were
to Vienna in 1821-1823,
where his father enrolled
him in studies with Carl
Czerny (piano) and
Antonio Salieri (music
theory). Both men had
important involvements
with Schubert; Czerny
(like Urhan) as performer
and advocate of
Schubert's music and
Salieri as his theory and
composition teacher from
1813-1817. Curiously,
Liszt and Schubert never
met personally, despite
their geographical
proximity in Vienna
during these years.
Inevitably, legends later
arose that the two had
been personal
acquaintances, although
Liszt would dismiss these
as fallacious: I never
knew Schubert personally,
he was once quoted as
saying. Liszt's initial
exposure to Schubert's
music was the Lieder,
what Urhan prized most of
all. He accompanied the
tenor Benedict
Randhartinger in numerous
performances of
Schubert's Lieder and
then, perhaps realizing
that he could benefit the
composer more on his own
terms, transcribed a
number of the Lieder for
piano solo. Many of these
transcriptions he would
perform himself on
concert tour during the
so-called Glanzzeit, or
time of splendor from
1839-1847. This publicity
did much to promote
reception of Schubert's
music throughout Europe.
Once Liszt retired from
the concert stage and
settled in Weimar as a
conductor in the 1840s,
he continued to perform
Schubert's orchestral
music, his Symphony No. 9
being a particular
favorite, and is credited
with giving the world
premiere performance of
Schubert's opera Alfonso
und Estrella in 1854. At
this time, he
contemplated writing a
biography of the
composer, which
regrettably remained
uncompleted. Liszt's
devotion to Schubert
would never waver.
Liszt's relationship with
Robert and Clara Schumann
was far different and far
more complicated; by
contrast, they were all
personal acquaintances.
What began as a
relationship of mutual
respect and admiration
soon deteriorated into
one of jealousy and
hostility, particularly
on the Schumann's part.
Liszt's initial contact
with Robert's music
happened long before they
had met personally, when
Liszt published an
analysis of Schumann's
piano music for the
Gazette musicale in 1837,
a gesture that earned
Robert's deep
appreciation. In the
following year Clara met
Liszt during a concert
tour in Vienna and
presented him with more
of Schumann's piano
music. Clara and her
father Friedrich Wieck,
who accompanied Clara on
her concert tours, were
quite taken by Liszt: We
have heard Liszt. He can
be compared to no other
player...he arouses
fright and astonishment.
His appearance at the
piano is indescribable.
He is an original...he is
absorbed by the piano.
Liszt, too, was impressed
with Clara--at first the
energy, intelligence and
accuracy of her piano
playing and later her
compositions--to the
extent that he dedicated
to her the 1838 version
of his Etudes d'execution
transcendante d'apres
Paganini. Liszt had a
closer personal
relationship with Clara
than with Robert until
the two men finally met
in 1840. Schumann was
astounded by Liszt's
piano playing. He wrote
to Clara that Liszt had
played like a god and had
inspired indescribable
furor of applause. His
review of Liszt even
included a heroic
personification with
Napoleon. In Leipzig,
Schumann was deeply
impressed with Liszt's
interpretations of his
Noveletten, Op. 21 and
Fantasy in C Major, Op.
17 (dedicated to Liszt),
enthusiastically
observing that, I feel as
if I had known you twenty
years. Yet a variety of
events followed that
diminished Liszt's glory
in the eyes of the
Schumanns. They became
critical of the cult-like
atmosphere that arose
around his recitals, or
Lisztomania as it came to
be called; conceivably,
this could be attributed
to professional jealousy.
Clara, in particular,
came to loathe Liszt,
noting in a letter to
Joseph Joachim, I despise
Liszt from the depths of
my soul. She recorded a
stunning diary entry a
day after Liszt's death,
in which she noted, He
was an eminent keyboard
virtuoso, but a dangerous
example for the
young...As a composer he
was terrible. By
contrast, Liszt did not
share in these negative
sentiments; no evidence
suggests that he had any
ill-regard for the
Schumanns. In Weimar, he
did much to promote
Schumann's music,
conducting performances
of his Scenes from Faust
and Manfred, during a
time in which few
orchestras expressed
interest, and premiered
his opera Genoveva. He
later arranged a benefit
concert for Clara
following Robert's death,
featuring Clara as
soloist in Robert's Piano
Concerto, an event that
must have been
exhilarating to witness.
Regardless, her opinion
of him would never
change, despite his
repeated gestures of
courtesy and respect.
Liszt's relationship with
Schubert was a spiritual
one, with music being the
one and only link between
the two men. That with
the Schumanns was
personal, with music
influenced by a hero
worship that would
aggravate the
relationship over time.
Nonetheless, Liszt would
remain devoted to and
enthusiastic for the
music and achievements of
these composers. He would
be a vital force in
disseminating their music
to a wider audience, as
he would be with many
other composers
throughout his career.
His primary means for
accomplishing this was
the piano transcription.
Liszt and the
Transcription
Transcription versus
Paraphrase Transcription
and paraphrase were
popular terms in
nineteenth-century music,
although certainly not
unique to this period.
Musicians understood that
there were clear
distinctions between
these two terms, but as
is often the case these
distinctions could be
blurred. Transcription,
literally writing over,
entails reworking or
adapting a piece of music
for a performance medium
different from that of
its original; arrangement
is a possible synonym.
Adapting is a key part of
this process, for the
success of a
transcription relies on
the transcriber's ability
to adapt the piece to the
different medium. As a
result, the pre-existing
material is generally
kept intact, recognizable
and intelligible; it is
strict, literal,
objective. Contextual
meaning is maintained in
the process, as are
elements of style and
form. Paraphrase, by
contrast, implies
restating something in a
different manner, as in a
rewording of a document
for reasons of clarity.
In nineteenth-century
music, paraphrasing
indicated elaborating a
piece for purposes of
expressive virtuosity,
often as a vehicle for
showmanship. Variation is
an important element, for
the source material may
be varied as much as the
paraphraser's imagination
will allow; its purpose
is metamorphosis.
Transcription is adapting
and arranging;
paraphrasing is
transforming and
reworking. Transcription
preserves the style of
the original; paraphrase
absorbs the original into
a different style.
Transcription highlights
the original composer;
paraphrase highlights the
paraphraser.
Approximately half of
Liszt's compositional
output falls under the
category of transcription
and paraphrase; it is
noteworthy that he never
used the term
arrangement. Much of his
early compositional
activities were
transcriptions and
paraphrases of works of
other composers, such as
the symphonies of
Beethoven and Berlioz,
vocal music by Schubert,
and operas by Donizetti
and Bellini. It is
conceivable that he
focused so intently on
work of this nature early
in his career as a means
to perfect his
compositional technique,
although transcription
and paraphrase continued
well after the technique
had been mastered; this
might explain why he
drastically revised and
rewrote many of his
original compositions
from the 1830s (such as
the Transcendental Etudes
and Paganini Etudes) in
the 1850s. Charles Rosen,
a sympathetic interpreter
of Liszt's piano works,
observes, The new
revisions of the
Transcendental Etudes are
not revisions but concert
paraphrases of the old,
and their art lies in the
technique of
transformation. The
Paganini etudes are piano
transcriptions of violin
etudes, and the
Transcendental Etudes are
piano transcriptions of
piano etudes. The
principles are the same.
He concludes by noting,
Paraphrase has shaded off
into
composition...Composition
and paraphrase were not
identical for him, but
they were so closely
interwoven that
separation is impossible.
The significance of
transcription and
paraphrase for Liszt the
composer cannot be
overstated, and the
mutual influence of each
needs to be better
understood. Undoubtedly,
Liszt the composer as we
know him today would be
far different had he not
devoted so much of his
career to transcribing
and paraphrasing the
music of others. He was
perhaps one of the first
composers to contend that
transcription and
paraphrase could be
genuine art forms on
equal par with original
pieces; he even claimed
to be the first to use
these two terms to
describe these classes of
arrangements. Despite the
success that Liszt
achieved with this type
of work, others viewed it
with circumspection and
criticism. Robert
Schumann, although deeply
impressed with Liszt's
keyboard virtuosity, was
harsh in his criticisms
of the transcriptions.
Schumann interpreted them
as indicators that
Liszt's virtuosity had
hindered his
compositional development
and suggested that Liszt
transcribed the music of
others to compensate for
his own compositional
deficiencies.
Nonetheless, Liszt's
piano transcriptions,
what he sometimes called
partitions de piano (or
piano scores), were
instrumental in promoting
composers whose music was
unknown at the time or
inaccessible in areas
outside of major European
capitals, areas that
Liszt willingly toured
during his Glanzzeit. To
this end, the
transcriptions had to be
literal arrangements for
the piano; a Beethoven
symphony could not be
introduced to an
unknowing audience if its
music had been subjected
to imaginative
elaborations and
variations. The same
would be true of the 1833
transcription of
Berlioz's Symphonie
fantastique (composed
only three years
earlier), the
astonishingly novel
content of which would
necessitate a literal and
intelligible rendering.
Opera, usually more
popular and accessible
for the general public,
was a different matter,
and in this realm Liszt
could paraphrase the
original and manipulate
it as his imagination
would allow without
jeopardizing its
reception; hence, the
paraphrases on the operas
of Bellini, Donizetti,
Mozart, Meyerbeer and
Verdi. Reminiscence was
another term coined by
Liszt for the opera
paraphrases, as if the
composer were reminiscing
at the keyboard following
a memorable evening at
the opera. Illustration
(reserved on two
occasions for Meyerbeer)
and fantasy were
additional terms. The
operas of Wagner were
exceptions. His music was
less suited to paraphrase
due to its general lack
of familiarity at the
time. Transcription of
Wagner's music was thus
obligatory, as it was of
Beethoven's and Berlioz's
music; perhaps the
composer himself insisted
on this approach. Liszt's
Lieder Transcriptions
Liszt's initial
encounters with
Schubert's music, as
mentioned previously,
were with the Lieder. His
first transcription of a
Schubert Lied was Die
Rose in 1833, followed by
Lob der Tranen in 1837.
Thirty-nine additional
transcriptions appeared
at a rapid pace over the
following three years,
and in 1846, the Schubert
Lieder transcriptions
would conclude, by which
point he had completed
fifty-eight, the most of
any composer. Critical
response to these
transcriptions was highly
favorable--aside from the
view held by
Schumann--particularly
when Liszt himself played
these pieces in concert.
Some were published
immediately by Anton
Diabelli, famous for the
theme that inspired
Beethoven's variations.
Others were published by
the Viennese publisher
Tobias Haslinger (one of
Beethoven's and
Schubert's publishers in
the 1820s), who sold his
reserves so quickly that
he would repeatedly plead
for more. However,
Liszt's enthusiasm for
work of this nature soon
became exhausted, as he
noted in a letter of 1839
to the publisher
Breitkopf und Hartel:
That good Haslinger
overwhelms me with
Schubert. I have just
sent him twenty-four new
songs (Schwanengesang and
Winterreise), and for the
moment I am rather tired
of this work. Haslinger
was justified in his
demands, for the Schubert
transcriptions were
received with great
enthusiasm. One Gottfried
Wilhelm Fink, then editor
of the Allgemeine
musikalische Zeitung,
observed of these
transcriptions: Nothing
in recent memory has
caused such sensation and
enjoyment in both
pianists and audiences as
these arrangements...The
demand for them has in no
way been satisfied; and
it will not be until
these arrangements are
seen on pianos
everywhere. They have
indeed made quite a
splash. Eduard Hanslick,
never a sympathetic
critic of Liszt's music,
acknowledged thirty years
after the fact that,
Liszt's transcriptions of
Schubert Lieder were
epoch-making. There was
hardly a concert in which
Liszt did not have to
play one or two of
them--even when they were
not listed on the
program. These
transcriptions quickly
became some of his most
sough-after pieces,
despite their extreme
technical demands.
Leading pianists of the
day, such as Clara Wieck
and Sigismond Thalberg,
incorporated them into
their concert programs
immediately upon
publication. Moreover,
the transcriptions would
serve as inspirations for
other composers, such as
Stephen Heller, Cesar
Franck and later Leopold
Godowsky, all of whom
produced their own
transcriptions of
Schubert's Lieder. Liszt
would transcribe the
Lieder of other composers
as well, including those
by Mendelssohn, Chopin,
Anton Rubinstein and even
himself. Robert Schumann,
of course, would not be
ignored. The first
transcription of a
Schumann Lied was the
celebrated Widmung from
Myrten in 1848, the only
Schumann transcription
that Liszt completed
during the composer's
lifetime. (Regrettably,
there is no evidence of
Schumann's regard of this
transcription, or even if
he was aware of it.) From
the years 1848-1881,
Liszt transcribed twelve
of Robert Schumann's
Lieder (including one
orchestral Lied) and
three of Clara (one from
each of her three
published Lieder cycles);
he would transcribe no
other works of these two
composers. The Schumann
Lieder transcriptions,
contrary to those of
Schubert, are literal
arrangements, posing, in
general, far fewer
demands on the pianist's
technique. They are
comparatively less
imaginative in their
treatment of the original
material. Additionally,
they seem to have been
less valued in their day
than the Schubert
transcriptions, and it is
noteworthy that none of
the Schumann
transcriptions bear
dedications, as most of
the Schubert
transcriptions do. The
greatest challenge posed
by Lieder transcriptions,
regardless of the
composer or the nature of
the transcription, was to
combine the vocal and
piano parts of the
original such that the
character of each would
be preserved, a challenge
unique to this form of
transcription. Each part
had to be intact and
aurally recognizable, the
vocal line in particular.
Complications could be
manifold in a Lied that
featured dissimilar
parts, such as Schubert's
Auf dem Wasser zu singen,
whose piano accompaniment
depicts the rocking of
the boat on the
shimmering waves while
the vocal line reflects
on the passing of time.
Similar complications
would be encountered in
Gretchen am Spinnrade, in
which the ubiquitous
sixteenth-note pattern in
the piano's right hand
epitomizes the
ever-turning spinning
wheel over which the
soprano voice expresses
feelings of longing and
heartache. The resulting
transcriptions for solo
piano would place
exceptional demands on
the pianist. The
complications would be
far less imposing in
instances in which voice
and piano were less
differentiated, as in
many of Schumann's Lieder
that Liszt transcribed.
The piano parts in these
Lieder are true
accompaniments for the
voice, providing harmonic
foundation and rhythmic
support by doubling the
vocal line throughout.
The transcriptions, thus,
are strict and literal,
with far fewer demands on
both pianist and
transcriber. In all of
Liszt's Lieder
transcriptions,
regardless of the way in
which the two parts are
combined, the melody
(i.e. the vocal line) is
invariably the focal
point; the melody should
sing on the piano, as if
it were the voice. The
piano part, although
integral to contributing
to the character of the
music, is designed to
function as
accompaniment. A singing
melody was a crucial
objective in
nineteenth-century piano
performance, which in
part might explain the
zeal in transcribing and
paraphrasing vocal music
for the piano. Friedrich
Wieck, father and teacher
of Clara Schumann,
stressed this point
repeatedly in his 1853
treatise Clavier und
Gesang (Piano and Song):
When I speak in general
of singing, I refer to
that species of singing
which is a form of
beauty, and which is a
foundation for the most
refined and most perfect
interpretation of music;
and, above all things, I
consider the culture of
beautiful tones the basis
for the finest possible
touch on the piano. In
many respects, the piano
and singing should
explain and supplement
each other. They should
mutually assist in
expressing the sublime
and the noble, in forms
of unclouded beauty. Much
of Liszt's piano music
should be interpreted
with this concept in
mind, the Lieder
transcriptions and opera
paraphrases, in
particular. To this end,
Liszt provided numerous
written instructions to
the performer to
emphasize the vocal line
in performance, with
Italian directives such
as un poco marcato il
canto, accentuato assai
il canto and ben
pronunziato il canto.
Repeated indications of
cantando,singend and
espressivo il canto
stress the significance
of the singing tone. As
an additional means of
achieving this and
providing the performer
with access to the
poetry, Liszt insisted,
at what must have been a
publishing novelty at the
time, on printing the
words of the Lied in the
music itself. Haslinger,
seemingly oblivious to
Liszt's intent, initially
printed the poems of the
early Schubert
transcriptions separately
inside the front covers.
Liszt argued that the
transcriptions must be
reprinted with the words
underlying the notes,
exactly as Schubert had
done, a request that was
honored by printing the
words above the
right-hand staff. Liszt
also incorporated a
visual scheme for
distinguishing voice and
accompaniment, influenced
perhaps by Chopin, by
notating the
accompaniment in cue
size. His transcription
of Robert Schumann's
Fruhlings Ankunft
features the vocal line
in normal size, the piano
accompaniment in reduced
size, an unmistakable
guide in a busy texture
as to which part should
be emphasized: Example 1.
Schumann-Liszt Fruhlings
Ankunft, mm. 1-2. The
same practice may be
found in the
transcription of
Schumann's An die Turen
will ich schleichen. In
this piece, the performer
must read three staves,
in which the baritone
line in the central staff
is to be shared between
the two hands based on
the stem direction of the
notes: Example 2.
Schumann-Liszt An die
Turen will ich
schleichen, mm. 1-5. This
notational practice is
extremely beneficial in
this instance, given the
challenge of reading
three staves and the
manner in which the vocal
line is performed by the
two hands. Curiously,
Liszt did not use this
practice in other
transcriptions.
Approaches in Lieder
Transcription Liszt
adopted a variety of
approaches in his Lieder
transcriptions, based on
the nature of the source
material, the ways in
which the vocal and piano
parts could be combined
and the ways in which the
vocal part could sing.
One approach, common with
strophic Lieder, in which
the vocal line would be
identical in each verse,
was to vary the register
of the vocal part. The
transcription of Lob der
Tranen, for example,
incorporates three of the
four verses of the
original Lied, with the
register of the vocal
line ascending one octave
with each verse (from low
to high), as if three
different voices were
participating. By the
conclusion, the music
encompasses the entire
range of Liszt's keyboard
to produce a stunning
climactic effect, and the
variety of register of
the vocal line provides a
welcome textural variety
in the absence of the
words. The three verses
of the transcription of
Auf dem Wasser zu singen
follow the same approach,
in which the vocal line
ascends from the tenor,
to the alto and to the
soprano registers with
each verse.
Fruhlingsglaube adopts
the opposite approach, in
which the vocal line
descends from soprano in
verse 1 to tenor in verse
2, with the second part
of verse 2 again resuming
the soprano register;
this is also the case in
Das Wandern from
Mullerlieder. Gretchen am
Spinnrade posed a unique
problem. Since the poem's
narrator is female, and
the poem represents an
expression of her longing
for her lover Faust,
variation of the vocal
line's register, strictly
speaking, would have been
impractical. For this
reason, the vocal line
remains in its original
register throughout,
relentlessly colliding
with the sixteenth-note
pattern of the
accompaniment. One
exception may be found in
the fifth and final verse
in mm. 93-112, at which
point the vocal line is
notated in a higher
register and doubled in
octaves. This sudden
textural change, one that
is readily audible, was a
strategic means to
underscore Gretchen's
mounting anxiety (My
bosom urges itself toward
him. Ah, might I grasp
and hold him! And kiss
him as I would wish, at
his kisses I should
die!). The transcription,
thus, becomes a vehicle
for maximizing the
emotional content of the
poem, an exceptional
undertaking with the
general intent of a
transcription. Registral
variation of the vocal
part also plays a crucial
role in the transcription
of Erlkonig. Goethe's
poem depicts the death of
a child who is
apprehended by a
supernatural Erlking, and
Schubert, recognizing the
dramatic nature of the
poem, carefully depicted
the characters (father,
son and Erlking) through
unique vocal writing and
accompaniment patterns:
the Lied is a dramatic
entity. Liszt, in turn,
followed Schubert's
characterization in this
literal transcription,
yet took it an additional
step by placing the
register of the father's
vocal line in the
baritone range, that of
the son in the soprano
range and that of the
Erlking in the highest
register, options that
would not have been
available in the version
for voice and piano.
Additionally, Liszt
labeled each appearance
of each character in the
score, a means for
guiding the performer in
interpreting the dramatic
qualities of the Lied. As
a result, the drama and
energy of the poem are
enhanced in this
transcription; as with
Gretchen am Spinnrade,
the transcriber has
maximized the content of
the original. Elaboration
may be found in certain
Lieder transcriptions
that expand the
performance to a level of
virtuosity not found in
the original; in such
cases, the transcription
approximates the
paraphrase. Schubert's Du
bist die Ruh, a paradigm
of musical simplicity,
features an uncomplicated
piano accompaniment that
is virtually identical in
each verse. In Liszt's
transcription, the
material is subjected to
a highly virtuosic
treatment that far
exceeds the original,
including a demanding
passage for the left hand
alone in the opening
measures and unique
textural writing in each
verse. The piece is a
transcription in
virtuosity; its art, as
Rosen noted, lies in the
technique of
transformation.
Elaboration may entail an
expansion of the musical
form, as in the extensive
introduction to Die
Forelle and a virtuosic
middle section (mm.
63-85), both of which are
not in the original. Also
unique to this
transcription are two
cadenzas that Liszt
composed in response to
the poetic content. The
first, in m. 93 on the
words und eh ich es
gedacht (and before I
could guess it), features
a twisted chromatic
passage that prolongs and
thereby heightens the
listener's suspense as to
the fate of the trout
(which is ultimately
caught). The second, in
m. 108 on the words
Betrogne an (and my blood
boiled as I saw the
betrayed one), features a
rush of
diminished-seventh
arpeggios in both hands,
epitomizing the poet's
rage at the fisherman for
catching the trout. Less
frequent are instances in
which the length of the
original Lied was
shortened in the
transcription, a tendency
that may be found with
certain strophic Lieder
(e.g., Der Leiermann,
Wasserflut and Das
Wandern). Another
transcription that
demonstrates Liszt's
readiness to modify the
original in the interests
of the poetic content is
Standchen, the seventh
transcription from
Schubert's
Schwanengesang. Adapted
from Act II of
Shakespeare's Cymbeline,
the poem represents the
repeated beckoning of a
man to his lover. Liszt
transformed the Lied into
a miniature drama by
transcribing the vocal
line of the first verse
in the soprano register,
that of the second verse
in the baritone register,
in effect, creating a
dialogue between the two
lovers. In mm. 71-102,
the dialogue becomes a
canon, with one voice
trailing the other like
an echo (as labeled in
the score) at the
distance of a beat. As in
other instances, the
transcription resembles
the paraphrase, and it is
perhaps for this reason
that Liszt provided an
ossia version that is
more in the nature of a
literal transcription.
The ossia version, six
measures shorter than
Schubert's original, is
less demanding
technically than the
original transcription,
thus representing an
ossia of transcription
and an ossia of piano
technique. The Schumann
Lieder transcriptions, in
general, display a less
imaginative treatment of
the source material.
Elaborations are less
frequently encountered,
and virtuosity is more
restricted, as if the
passage of time had
somewhat tamed the
composer's approach to
transcriptions;
alternatively, Liszt was
eager to distance himself
from the fierce
virtuosity of his early
years. In most instances,
these transcriptions are
literal arrangements of
the source material, with
the vocal line in its
original form combined
with the accompaniment,
which often doubles the
vocal line in the
original Lied. Widmung,
the first of the Schumann
transcriptions, is one
exception in the way it
recalls the virtuosity of
the Schubert
transcriptions of the
1830s. Particularly
striking is the closing
section (mm. 58-73), in
which material of the
opening verse (right
hand) is combined with
the triplet quarter notes
(left hand) from the
second section of the
Lied (mm. 32-43), as if
the transcriber were
attempting to reconcile
the different material of
these two sections.
Fruhlingsnacht resembles
a paraphrase by
presenting each of the
two verses in differing
registers (alto for verse
1, mm. 3-19, and soprano
for verse 2, mm. 20-31)
and by concluding with a
virtuosic section that
considerably extends the
length of the original
Lied. The original
tonalities of the Lieder
were generally retained
in the transcriptions,
showing that the tonality
was an important part of
the transcription
process. The infrequent
instances of
transposition were done
for specific reasons. In
1861, Liszt transcribed
two of Schumann's Lieder,
one from Op. 36 (An den
Sonnenschein), another
from Op. 27 (Dem roten
Roslein), and merged
these two pieces in the
collection 2 Lieder; they
share only the common
tonality of A major. His
choice for combining
these two Lieder remains
unknown, but he clearly
recognized that some
tonal variety would be
needed, for which reason
Dem roten Roslein was
transposed to C>= major.
The collection features
An den Sonnenschein in A
major (with a transition
to the new tonality),
followed by Dem roten
Roslein in C>= major
(without a change of key
signature), and
concluding with a reprise
of An den Sonnenschein in
A major. A three-part
form was thus established
with tonal variety
provided by keys in third
relations (A-C>=-A); in
effect, two of Schumann's
Lieder were transcribed
into an archetypal song
without words. In other
instances, Liszt treated
tonality and tonal
organization as important
structural ingredients,
particularly in the
transcriptions of
Schubert's Lieder cycles,
i.e. Schwanengesang,
Winterreise a...
Sona
ta No. 6 Kharkiv for
guitar solo was composed
in 2021, in the end of
the COVID-19 lockdown. At
that time my family and I
were staying in our home
city of Kharkiv (also
known as Kharkov),
Ukraine for almost two
years. We considered that
pandemic period as a
disaster, but later have
realized that it actually
was a rather happy time,
because a war came to our
homeland just a few
months later. Since 2022
a considerable fraction
of the 1.5 millions of
Kharkiv citizens have
left their homes, those
who stayed have been
living under ceaseless
missile attacks, and many
have been killed. I would
like to dedicate this
Sonata to the frontier
city of Kharkiv and, most
of all, to its citizens
suffering from the
war. Yet, the music of
the Sonata does not have
any specific program.
Here I will give a brief
overview of its main
composition elements to
facilitate future
interpretations. The
first and fourth
movements of this Sonata
are based on the
interplay between the
twelve-tone principle and
the G-major tonal center,
natural for the guitar.
Namely, the first
movement is based on the
interaction of the
G-major triad Gâ??Bâ??D
of the open guitar
strings 2â??3â??4,
ascending motif 1
involving the notes
Eâ??F#â??Aâ??C#
(originally on the first
string), and descending
motif 2 using the notes
E-â??Câ??Bbâ??A-
(originally, on the bass
string 6). These elements
supplement each other to
almost make up twelve
tones (apart from the
missing F), and the
motifs alternate with
ostinato fragments where
each note in the G major
triad is step-by-step
moved by a semitone up or
down. The second
movement is a Scherzo
involving numerous
semitones in accented
chords and fast passages,
as well as chromatic
melodic motion in the
bass voice. It is almost
atonal in some fragments,
but has an overall tonal
center of A-minor. The
third movement is a
meditative Adagio based
on a theme composed
within hexatonic scale
Dâ??Eâ??Fâ??G#â??Aâ?
?B and ostinato chords
involving open bass
strings Eâ??Aâ??D and
semitone
Bâ??C. Finally, the
fourth movement is based
on the complete
twelve-tone theme
consisting of two phrases
including motifs 1 and 2
from the first movement:
Gâ??Fâ??Bbâ??Abâ??Câ
??Ebâ??D and
Eâ??Bâ??C#â??Aâ??F#.
This theme is presented
in its prime and
retrograde forms. There
are dialogues between the
first string, basses and
open middle strings,
similar to the first
movement. In the
culmination, the
twelve-tone theme is
performed using the
parallel motion of the
standard guitar G-major
chord with open middle
strings across twelve
positions. The Sonata
was premiered and
recorded (CD Naxos No.
8.574630) by the
prominent Ukrainian
guitarist Marko Topchii
who has also lived and
studied in Kharkiv. I am
extremely grateful to him
for the brilliant
performance of this
piece. I am greatly
indebted to Productions
dâ??Oz for keeping my
original notations in
places where these do not
conform to the
publisherâ??s style.
By Johann Sebastian Bach. Arranged by Richard Sayage. Duet. For Classical Guitar...(+)
By Johann Sebastian Bach.
Arranged by Richard
Sayage. Duet. For
Classical Guitar Duet.
Savage Classical Guitar
Duet Editions. The master
of counterpoint at his
best. Baroque. Level:
Student/Intermediate.
Full Score. Standard. 54
pages. Published by
Savage Classical Guitar
Transcriptions.
Guitarra Liturgia Guitare [Conducteur] - Intermédiaire OR-TAV Music Publications
Guitar - Intermediate SKU: OT.26114 Composed by Ariel Lazarus. A short su...(+)
Guitar - Intermediate
SKU: OT.26114
Composed by Ariel
Lazarus. A short suite
for classical guitar
based on themes from the
Spanish and Portuguese
tradition. Classical.
Score. OR-TAV Music
Publications #26114.
Published by OR-TAV Music
Publications (OT.26114).
ISBN 9789655051049.
8.27 x 11.69
inches.
Ariel
Lazarus Guitarra
Liturgia Two pieces
based on music from the
Spanish and Portuguese
tradition.
Contents: Jerusalem
de Sefarad - Suite for
Guitar Contrapunto
Sefardi The composer
writes: For many
years I wanted to compose
a piece for guitar which
would inspire interested
students to expand their
repertoire in the
direction of Jewish
music. The most natural
thing for me was to write
a suite based on themes
from the synagogue in
which I grew up –
the Spanish and
Portuguese synagogue of
Gibraltar. My beloved
grandfather served all
his life as hazzan
(cantor) of this
synagogue, and I always
felt as a composer and
educator that I had a
special obligation to
continue his tradition
and pass it on to a new
generation. In this
composition, I let the
guitar echo the piyyutim
(semi-liturgical poems)
that were part of my
childhood: Adon Olam,
Sh'charchoret, Achot
K'tana, Yigdal, Borei ad
Ana, all of which are
sung in the Spanish and
Portuguese tradition from
Gibraltar to London, and
from New York to
Jerusalem. I let myself
dream the piyyutim, take
them apart and
reconstruct them as a
short suite for guitar,
the results of which you
are invited to hear here.
As a conceptual idea for
the suite, I choose to
suggest about the
cultural continuation
between the Diaspora and
the land of Israel by way
of referencing the
well-known melody of
Naomi Shemer, which is
also popular among the
hazzanim. Dr. Ariel
Lazarus is a unique voice
among Israeli
composer-performers
today. Brought up in a
family with Jewish
musical roots both in
Gibraltar and Westphalia,
he began composing and
playing the guitar in his
teens, and has been
committed to developing
his own compositional
language ever since,
always maintaining an
open dialogue with his
traditions. Lazarus
received his BMus and
MMus degrees from
Oklahoma City University
in classical guitar
performance and
composition where he
studied with American
composer Dr. Edward
Knight. He earned his PhD
from Bar Ilan University,
studying composition with
Prof. Betty Olivero and
Prof. Gideon Lewensohn
and conducting research
under the supervision of
Prof. Edwin Seroussi from
the Hebrew University.
His symphonic works have
been premiered by the
Raanana Symphonette
Orchestra, and his
chamber works have been
performed by various
ensembles in the United
States, Central Europe,
Portugal, Gibraltar,
Scandinavia and Israel.
Lazarus performs
regularly as Art
Ambassador on behalf of
the Israeli Ministry of
Diaspora affairs Amiel
BaKehila program. His
solo album A Hebrew
Capriccio was released by
the German boutique label
SmoothFactor and was
awarded critical acclaim,
among others, in Haaretz,
and Neue Westfalishe.
Dr. Lazarus is the
musical director and
co-founder of the Israeli
Ladino Orchestra. His
work with the orchestra
has been recognized by
the official Carta de
España. He teaches at
the Academic College for
Education Givat
Washington, and the Rimon
School of Music.
Lazarus’s work has
been awarded by the
Israeli Pais Art council
and ACUM.
Euphonium Concerto No. 3. Composed by Philip Sparke (1951-). Anglo Instrumental ...(+)
Euphonium Concerto No. 3.
Composed by Philip Sparke
(1951-). Anglo
Instrumental series. Book
Only. Composed 2012. 32
pages. Anglo Music Press
#AMP 374-401. Published
by Anglo Music Press
Scott Joplin Reconsidered. Composed by Scott Joplin (1868-1917). Edited by L...(+)
Scott Joplin
Reconsidered.
Composed by Scott Joplin
(1868-1917). Edited by
Lara
Downes. Collection.
Theodore
Presser Company
#440-40028.
Published by Theodore
Presser
Company
For guitar. Transcribed by Ernie Hawkins, Historical notes by William L. Ell...(+)
For guitar. Transcribed
by
Ernie Hawkins, Historical
notes by William L.
Ellis.
Blues. Intermediate-
Advanced. Book/CD Set. 72
pages. Published by Mel
Bay
Publications, Inc
Hava Nagila Ensemble de cuivres [Conducteur et Parties séparées] - Facile Anglo Music
Brass Band - Grade 3 SKU: BT.AMP-396-030 Arranged by Philip Sparke. Anglo...(+)
Brass Band - Grade 3
SKU:
BT.AMP-396-030
Arranged by Philip
Sparke. Anglo Music
Midway Series. Original
Light Music. Set (Score &
Parts). Composed 2013.
Anglo Music Press #AMP
396-030. Published by
Anglo Music Press
(BT.AMP-396-030).
9x12
inches.
English-German-French-Dut
ch.
Hava
Nagila (the title
means ‘let us
rejoice’) is
perhaps the best known
example of a style of
Jewish music called
‘klezmer’.
Klezmer music originated
in the
‘shtetl’
(villages) and the
ghettos of Eastern
Europe, where itinerant
Jewish troubadours, known
as
‘klezmorim’,
had performed at
celebrations,
particularly weddings,
since the early Middle
Ages.‘Klezmerâ€
is a Yiddish term
combining the Hebrew
words ‘kley’
(instrument) and
‘zemer’
(song) and the roots of
the style are found in
secular melodies, popular
dances, Jewish
‘hazanut’
(cantorial music) and
also the
‘nigunim’,
the wordless melodies
intoned by the
‘Hasidim’
(orthodox Jews).Since the
16th century, lyrics
hadbeen added to klezmer
music, due to the
‘badkhn’
(the master of ceremony
at weddings), to the
‘Purimshpil’
(the play of Esther at
Purim) and to traditions
of the Yiddish theatre,
but the term gradually
became synonymous with
instrumental music,
particularly featuring
the violin and clarinet.
The melody of Hava
Nagila was adapted
from a folk dance from
the Romanian district of
Bucovina. The commonly
used text is taken from
Psalm 118 of the Hebrew
bible.
Hava
Nagila (de titel
betekent ‘laat ons
gelukkig zijn’) is
misschien wel het
bekendste voorbeeld van
klezmer, een Joodse
muziekstijl.De
klezmermuziek komt van
oorsprong uit de sjtetls
(dorpen) en de
getto’s van
Oost-Europa, waar
rondtrekkende Joodse
troubadours, bekend als
klezmorim, al sinds de
middeleeuwen hadden
opgetreden bij
feestelijkheden, en dan
met name
bruiloften.Klezmer is een
Jiddische term waarin de
Hebreeuwse woorden kley
(instrument) en zemer
(lied) zijn samengevoegd.
De wortels van de stijl
liggen in wereldlijke
melodieën,
volksdansen, de
joods-liturgische hazanut
en ook de nigunim, de
woordeloze melodieën
zoals die worden
voorgedragen
doorchassidische
(orthodoxe) joden.Sinds
de 16e eeuw zijn er aan
de klezmermuziek ook
teksten toegevoegd,
dankzij de badchen (de
ceremoniemeester bij
huwelijken), het
poerimspel (het verhaal
van Esther tijdens
Poerim/het Lotenfeest) en
tradities binnen het
Jiddische theater, maar
de term werd geleidelijk
synoniem aan
instrumentale muziek met
een hoofdrol voor de
viool en klarinet.De
melodie van Hava
Nagila is afkomstig
van een volksdans uit de
Roemeense regio
Boekovina. De meest
gebruikte tekst voor het
lied kom uit psalm 118
van de Hebreeuwse Bijbel.
Hava
Nagila (auf Deutsch
‚Lasst uns
glücklich
sein’) ist
vielleicht das
bekannteste Beispiel
für den jüdischen
Musikstil namens
‚Klezmer’.
Klezmermusik hat ihren
Ursprung in den
Shtetls“
(Städtchen) und den
Ghettos Osteuropas,
woumherziehende
jüdische Troubadours,
die man
‚Klezmorim’
nannte, schon seit dem
frühen Mittelalter auf
Feiern, vor allem
Hochzeiten, zu spielen
pflegten. Klezmer ist ein
jiddischer Begriff, der
sich aus den
hebräischen Wörtern
‚kley’(Instr
ument) und
‚zemer’
(Lied) zusammensetzt. Die
Wurzeln des Musikstils
liegen in weltlichen
Melodien, populären
Tänzen, jüdischem
‚Chasanut’
(Kantorengesang) und auch
‚Niggunim’,
Melodien ohne Text,
vorgetragen von
den‚Chassidimâ€
(orthodoxen Juden).
Seit dem 16. Jahrhundert
wurden die
Klezmermelodien mit
Texten versehen, was auf
die
‚Badchan’
(Zeremonienmeister bei
Hochzeiten), auf das
‚Purimshpil’
(Das Esther-Spiel zum
Purimfest) und
aufTraditionen des
jiddischen Theaters
zurückgeht. Der
Begriff Klezmer wurde
jedoch mit der Zeit
gleichbedeutend mit
Instrumentalmusik, im
Besonderen mit den
Instrumenten Violine und
Klarinette. Die Melodie
von Hava Nagila
ist eine Adaption
einesVolkstanzes aus der
rumänischen Bukowina.
Der üblicherweise
verwendete Text stammt
aus Psalm 118 der
hebräischen Bibel.
Hava Nagila Ensemble de cuivres [Conducteur] - Facile Anglo Music
Brass Band - Grade 3 SKU: BT.AMP-396-130 Arranged by Philip Sparke. Anglo...(+)
Brass Band - Grade 3
SKU:
BT.AMP-396-130
Arranged by Philip
Sparke. Anglo Music
Midway Series. Original
Light Music. Score Only.
Composed 2013. 24 pages.
Anglo Music Press #AMP
396-130. Published by
Anglo Music Press
(BT.AMP-396-130).
9x12
inches.
English-German-French-Dut
ch.
Hava
Nagila (the title
means ‘let us
rejoice’) is
perhaps the best known
example of a style of
Jewish music called
‘klezmer’.
Klezmer music originated
in the
‘shtetl’
(villages) and the
ghettos of Eastern
Europe, where itinerant
Jewish troubadours, known
as
‘klezmorim’,
had performed at
celebrations,
particularly weddings,
since the early Middle
Ages.‘Klezmerâ€
is a Yiddish term
combining the Hebrew
words ‘kley’
(instrument) and
‘zemer’
(song) and the roots of
the style are found in
secular melodies, popular
dances, Jewish
‘hazanut’
(cantorial music) and
also the
‘nigunim’,
the wordless melodies
intoned by the
‘Hasidim’
(orthodox Jews).Since the
16th century, lyrics
hadbeen added to klezmer
music, due to the
‘badkhn’
(the master of ceremony
at weddings), to the
‘Purimshpil’
(the play of Esther at
Purim) and to traditions
of the Yiddish theatre,
but the term gradually
became synonymous with
instrumental music,
particularly featuring
the violin and clarinet.
The melody of Hava
Nagila was adapted
from a folk dance from
the Romanian district of
Bucovina. The commonly
used text is taken from
Psalm 118 of the Hebrew
bible.
Hava
Nagila (de titel
betekent ‘laat ons
gelukkig zijn’) is
misschien wel het
bekendste voorbeeld van
klezmer, een Joodse
muziekstijl.De
klezmermuziek komt van
oorsprong uit de sjtetls
(dorpen) en de
getto’s van
Oost-Europa, waar
rondtrekkende Joodse
troubadours, bekend als
klezmorim, al sinds de
middeleeuwen hadden
opgetreden bij
feestelijkheden, en dan
met name
bruiloften.Klezmer is een
Jiddische term waarin de
Hebreeuwse woorden kley
(instrument) en zemer
(lied) zijn samengevoegd.
De wortels van de stijl
liggen in wereldlijke
melodieën,
volksdansen, de
joods-liturgische hazanut
en ook de nigunim, de
woordeloze melodieën
zoals die worden
voorgedragen
doorchassidische
(orthodoxe) joden.Sinds
de 16e eeuw zijn er aan
de klezmermuziek ook
teksten toegevoegd,
dankzij de badchen (de
ceremoniemeester bij
huwelijken), het
poerimspel (het verhaal
van Esther tijdens
Poerim/het Lotenfeest) en
tradities binnen het
Jiddische theater, maar
de term werd geleidelijk
synoniem aan
instrumentale muziek met
een hoofdrol voor de
viool en klarinet.De
melodie van Hava
Nagila is afkomstig
van een volksdans uit de
Roemeense regio
Boekovina. De meest
gebruikte tekst voor het
lied kom uit psalm 118
van de Hebreeuwse Bijbel.
Hava
Nagila (auf Deutsch
‚Lasst uns
glücklich
sein’) ist
vielleicht das
bekannteste Beispiel
für den jüdischen
Musikstil namens
‚Klezmer’.
Klezmermusik hat ihren
Ursprung in den
Shtetls“
(Städtchen) und den
Ghettos Osteuropas,
woumherziehende
jüdische Troubadours,
die man
‚Klezmorim’
nannte, schon seit dem
frühen Mittelalter auf
Feiern, vor allem
Hochzeiten, zu spielen
pflegten. Klezmer ist ein
jiddischer Begriff, der
sich aus den
hebräischen Wörtern
‚kley’(Instr
ument) und
‚zemer’
(Lied) zusammensetzt. Die
Wurzeln des Musikstils
liegen in weltlichen
Melodien, populären
Tänzen, jüdischem
‚Chasanut’
(Kantorengesang) und auch
‚Niggunim’,
Melodien ohne Text,
vorgetragen von
den‚Chassidimâ€
(orthodoxen Juden).
Seit dem 16. Jahrhundert
wurden die
Klezmermelodien mit
Texten versehen, was auf
die
‚Badchan’
(Zeremonienmeister bei
Hochzeiten), auf das
‚Purimshpil’
(Das Esther-Spiel zum
Purimfest) und
aufTraditionen des
jiddischen Theaters
zurückgeht. Der
Begriff Klezmer wurde
jedoch mit der Zeit
gleichbedeutend mit
Instrumentalmusik, im
Besonderen mit den
Instrumenten Violine und
Klarinette. Die Melodie
von Hava Nagila
ist eine Adaption
einesVolkstanzes aus der
rumänischen Bukowina.
Der üblicherweise
verwendete Text stammt
aus Psalm 118 der
hebräischen Bibel.
Piano/Vocal/Guitar. This edition: Piano/Vocal/Guitar. Artist/Personality; Book...(+)
Piano/Vocal/Guitar. This
edition:
Piano/Vocal/Guitar.
Artist/Personality; Book;
Personality Book;
Piano/Vocal/Chords.
Pop/Rock. 152 pages.
Published by Alfred Music
Piano and orchestra - difficult SKU: HL.49046544 For piano and orchest...(+)
Piano and orchestra -
difficult
SKU:
HL.49046544
For
piano and orchestra.
Composed by Gyorgy
Ligeti. This edition:
Saddle stitching. Sheet
music. Edition Schott.
Softcover. Composed
1985-1988. Duration 24'.
Schott Music #ED23178.
Published by Schott Music
(HL.49046544).
ISBN
9781705122655. UPC:
842819108726.
9.0x12.0x0.224
inches.
I composed
the Piano Concerto in two
stages: the first three
movements during the
years 1985-86, the next
two in 1987, the final
autograph of the last
movement was ready by
January, 1988. The
concerto is dedicated to
the American conductor
Mario di Bonaventura. The
markings of the movements
are the following: 1.
Vivace molto ritmico e
preciso 2. Lento e
deserto 3. Vivace
cantabile 4. Allegro
risoluto 5. Presto
luminoso.The first
performance of the
three-movement Concerto
was on October 23rd, 1986
in Graz. Mario di
Bonaventura conducted
while his brother,
Anthony di Bonaventura,
was the soloist. Two days
later the performance was
repeated in the Vienna
Konzerthaus. After
hearing the work twice, I
came to the conclusion
that the third movement
is not an adequate
finale; my feeling of
form demanded
continuation, a
supplement. That led to
the composing of the next
two movements. The
premiere of the whole
cycle took place on
February 29th, 1988, in
the Vienna Konzerthaus
with the same conductor
and the same pianist. The
orchestra consisted of
the following: flute,
oboe, clarinet, bassoon,
horn, trumpet, tenor
trombone, percussion and
strings. The flautist
also plays the piccoIo,
the clarinetist, the alto
ocarina. The percussion
is made up of diverse
instruments, which one
musician-virtuoso can
play. It is more
practical, however, if
two or three musicians
share the instruments.
Besides traditional
instruments the
percussion part calls
also for two simple wind
instruments: the swanee
whistle and the
harmonica. The string
instrument parts (two
violins, viola, cello and
doubles bass) can be
performed soloistic since
they do not contain
divisi. For balance,
however, the ensemble
playing is recommended,
for example 6-8 first
violins, 6-8 second, 4-6
violas, 4-6 cellos, 3-4
double basses. In the
Piano Concerto I realized
new concepts of harmony
and rhythm. The first
movement is entirely
written in bimetry:
simultaneously 12/8 and
4/4 (8/8). This relates
to the known triplet on a
doule relation and in
itself is nothing new.
Because, however, I
articulate 12 triola and
8 duola pulses, an
entangled, up till now
unheard kind of polymetry
is created. The rhythm is
additionally complicated
because of asymmetric
groupings inside two
speed layers, which means
accents are
asymmetrically
distributed. These
groups, as in the talea
technique, have a fixed,
continuously repeating
rhythmic structures of
varying lengths in speed
layers of 12/8 and 4/4.
This means that the
repeating pattern in the
12/8 level and the
pattern in the 4/4 level
do not coincide and
continuously give a
kaleidoscope of renewing
combinations. In our
perception we quickly
resign from following
particular rhythmical
successions and that what
is going on in time
appears for us as
something static,
resting. This music, if
it is played properly, in
the right tempo and with
the right accents inside
particular layers, after
a certain time 'rises, as
it were, as a plane after
taking off: the rhythmic
action, too complex to be
able to follow in detail,
begins flying. This
diffusion of individual
structures into a
different global
structure is one of my
basic compositional
concepts: from the end of
the fifties, from the
orchestral works
Apparitions and
Atmospheres I
continuously have been
looking for new ways of
resolving this basic
question. The harmony of
the first movement is
based on mixtures, hence
on the parallel leading
of voices. This technique
is used here in a rather
simple form; later in the
fourth movement it will
be considerably
developed. The second
movement (the only slow
one amongst five
movements) also has a
talea type of structure,
it is however much
simpler rhythmically,
because it contains only
one speed layer. The
melody is consisted in
the development of a
rigorous interval mode in
which two minor seconds
and one major second
alternate therefore nine
notes inside an octave.
This mode is transposed
into different degrees
and it also determines
the harmony of the
movement; however, in
closing episode in the
piano part there is a
combination of diatonics
(white keys) and
pentatonics (black keys)
led in brilliant,
sparkling quasimixtures,
while the orchestra
continues to play in the
nine tone mode. In this
movement I used isolated
sounds and extreme
registers (piccolo in a
very low register,
bassoon in a very high
register, canons played
by the swanee whistle,
the alto ocarina and
brass with a harmon-mute'
damper, cutting sound
combinations of the
piccolo, clarinet and
oboe in an extremely high
register, also
alternating of a
whistle-siren and
xylophone). The third
movement also has one
speed layer and because
of this it appears as
simpler than the first,
but actually the rhythm
is very complicated in a
different way here. Above
the uninterrupted, fast
and regular basic pulse,
thanks to the asymmetric
distribution of accents,
different types of
hemiolas and inherent
melodical patterns appear
(the term was coined by
Gerhard Kubik in relation
to central African
music). If this movement
is played with the
adequate speed and with
very clear accentuation,
illusory
rhythmic-melodical
figures appear. These
figures are not played
directly; they do not
appear in the score, but
exist only in our
perception as a result of
co-operation of different
voices. Already earlier I
had experimented with
illusory rhythmics,
namely in Poeme
symphonique for 100
metronomes (1962), in
Continuum for harpsichord
(1968), in Monument for
two pianos (1976), and
especially in the first
and sixth piano etude
Desordre and Automne a
Varsovie (1985). The
third movement of the
Piano Concerto is up to
now the clearest example
of illusory rhythmics and
illusory melody. In
intervallic and chordal
structure this movement
is based on alternation,
and also inter-relation
of various modal and
quasi-equidistant harmony
spaces. The tempered
twelve-part division of
the octave allows for
diatonical and other
modal interval
successions, which are
not equidistant, but are
based on the alternation
of major and minor
seconds in different
groups. The tempered
system also allows for
the use of the
anhemitonic pentatonic
scale (the black keys of
the piano). From
equidistant scales,
therefore interval
formations which are
based on the division of
an octave in equal
distances, the
twelve-tone tempered
system allows only
chromatics (only minor
seconds) and the six-tone
scale (the whole-tone:
only major seconds).
Moreover, the division of
the octave into four
parts only minor thirds)
and three parts (three
major thirds) is
possible. In several
music cultures different
equidistant divisions of
an octave are accepted,
for example, in the
Javanese slendro into
five parts, in Melanesia
into seven parts, popular
also in southeastern
Asia, and apart from
this, in southern Africa.
This does not mean an
exact equidistance: there
is a certain tolerance
for the inaccurateness of
the interval tuning.
These exotic for us,
Europeans, harmony and
melody have attracted me
for several years.
However I did not want to
re-tune the piano
(microtone deviations
appear in the concerto
only in a few places in
the horn and trombone
parts led in natural
tones). After the period
of experimenting, I got
to pseudo- or
quasiequidistant
intervals, which is
neither whole-tone nor
chromatic: in the
twelve-tone system, two
whole-tone scales are
possible, shifted a minor
second apart from each
other. Therefore, I
connect these two scales
(or sound resources), and
for example, places occur
where the melodies and
figurations in the piano
part are created from
both whole tone scales;
in one band one six-tone
sound resource is
utilized, and in the
other hand, the
complementary. In this
way whole-tonality and
chromaticism mutually
reduce themselves: a type
of deformed
equidistancism is formed,
strangely brilliant and
at the same time
slanting; illusory
harmony, indeed being
created inside the
tempered twelve-tone
system, but in sound
quality not belonging to
it anymore. The
appearance of such
slantedequidistant
harmony fields
alternating with modal
fields and based on
chords built on fifths
(mainly in the piano
part), complemented with
mixtures built on fifths
in the orchestra, gives
this movement an
individual, soft-metallic
colour (a metallic sound
resulting from
harmonics). The fourth
movement was meant to be
the central movement of
the Concerto. Its
melodc-rhythmic elements
(embryos or fragments of
motives) in themselves
are simple. The movement
also begins simply, with
a succession of
overlapping of these
elements in the mixture
type structures. Also
here a kaleidoscope is
created, due to a limited
number of these elements
- of these pebbles in the
kaleidoscope - which
continuously return in
augmentations and
diminutions. Step by
step, however, so that in
the beginning we cannot
hear it, a compiled
rhythmic organization of
the talea type gradually
comes into daylight,
based on the simultaneity
of two mutually shifted
to each other speed
layers (also triplet and
duoles, however, with
different asymmetric
structures than in the
first movement). While
longer rests are
gradually filled in with
motive fragments, we
slowly come to the
conclusion that we have
found ourselves inside a
rhythmic-melodical whirl:
without change in tempo,
only through increasing
the density of the
musical events, a
rotation is created in
the stream of successive
and compiled, augmented
and diminished motive
fragments, and increasing
the density suggests
acceleration. Thanks to
the periodical structure
of the composition,
always new but however of
the same (all the motivic
cells are similar to
earlier ones but none of
them are exactly
repeated; the general
structure is therefore
self-similar), an
impression is created of
a gigantic, indissoluble
network. Also, rhythmic
structures at first
hidden gradually begin to
emerge, two independent
speed layers with their
various internal
accentuations. This
great, self-similar whirl
in a very indirect way
relates to musical
associations, which came
to my mind while watching
the graphic projection of
the mathematical sets of
Julia and of Mandelbrot
made with the help of a
computer. I saw these
wonderful pictures of
fractal creations, made
by scientists from Brema,
Peitgen and Richter, for
the first time in 1984.
From that time they have
played a great role in my
musical concepts. This
does not mean, however,
that composing the fourth
movement I used
mathematical methods or
iterative calculus;
indeed, I did use
constructions which,
however, are not based on
mathematical thinking,
but are rather craftman's
constructions (in this
respect, my attitude
towards mathematics is
similar to that of the
graphic artist Maurits
Escher). I am concerned
rather with intuitional,
poetic, synesthetic
correspondence, not on
the scientific, but on
the poetic level of
thinking. The fifth, very
short Presto movement is
harmonically very simple,
but all the more
complicated in its
rhythmic structure: it is
based on the further
development of ''inherent
patterns of the third
movement. The
quasi-equidistance system
dominates harmonically
and melodically in this
movement, as in the
third, alternating with
harmonic fields, which
are based on the division
of the chromatic whole
into diatonics and
anhemitonic pentatonics.
Polyrhythms and harmonic
mixtures reach their
greatest density, and at
the same time this
movement is strikingly
light, enlightened with
very bright colours: at
first it seems chaotic,
but after listening to it
for a few times it is
easy to grasp its
content: many autonomous
but self-similar figures
which crossing
themselves. I present my
artistic credo in the
Piano Concerto: I
demonstrate my
independence from
criteria of the
traditional avantgarde,
as well as the
fashionable
postmodernism. Musical
illusions which I
consider to be also so
important are not a goal
in itself for me, but a
foundation for my
aesthetical attitude. I
prefer musical forms
which have a more
object-like than
processual character.
Music as frozen time, as
an object in imaginary
space evoked by music in
our imagination, as a
creation which really
develops in time, but in
imagination it exists
simultaneously in all its
moments. The spell of
time, the enduring its
passing by, closing it in
a moment of the present
is my main intention as a
composer. (Gyorgy
Ligeti).
Composed by Basque Carol.
Arranged by Christopher
Thomas. 12 pages.
Duration 2 minutes, 37
seconds. Carl Fischer
Music #CM9734. Published
by Carl Fischer Music
(CF.CM9734).
ISBN
9781491161142. UPC:
680160919734. Key: A
minor. English. Basque
Carol.
A Basque
Carol (also known as
Gabriel's Message) holds
a special place in
Western music. The carol
originates from Basque
country around the 13th
century, based on the
Latin hymn, Angelus ad
Virginem (likely of
Franciscan origin). The
tune quickly spread
throughout Europe,
finding popularity in
Britain where it was even
referenced in Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales: Playing
so sweetly that the
chamber rang; / and
Angelus ad virginem he
sang. . .. Interestingly,
the melody we know and
love today is derived
from the original Basque
version. In my view, this
tune is a perfect example
of melody-crafting. It is
at once hauntingly
beautiful, yet warm and
joyous. Its contours are
complex, dramatic, yet
singable. I believe this
melodic accessibility is
the key to the song's
lasting popularity. I
would also attribute A
Basque Carol's continued
popularity to its elegant
translation into English
(by Sabine Baring-Gould,
who rediscovered the
original Basque tune).
Translations often risk
sounding unimaginative,
coarse, and blunt. This
translation is strikingly
different. It was graced
with an especially poetic
translation including
lines such as his wings
as drifted snow, his eyes
as flame. I am very
excited to offer a new
perspective on this
classic carol, joining
the tradition of
composers preserving and
reimagining a priceless
medieval melody. My first
goal was to create a
flowing, richly-textured,
even cinematic string
accompaniment for the
choir. This approach was
very much inspired by the
dense, string-writing
style of English composer
Ralph Vaughan Williams.
My second goal was to
make the arrangement
flexible enough to be
performed with only
choir, only strings, or
(best of all) both
ensembles combined. To
further complement this
approach, I've added an
obligato line for a solo
recorder (solo flute or
violin work just as
well). If you listen
carefully, you will hear
a quote from my other
favorite holiday carol,
Jesu Bambino. I hope you
enjoy performing A Basque
Carol. I especially hope
that you sense the
ancient magic cast into
this tune, hearing the
ineffable qualities that
have compelled us to
sustain it for nearly a
millennium. Whether
you're a choir, a string
orchestra, or a combined
ensemble, this
arrangement of A Basque
Carol will surely be a
haunting and lovely
addition to your next
holiday program!. A
Basque Carol (also known
as Gabriel’s
Message) holds a special
place in Western music.
The carol originates from
Basque country around the
13th century, based on
the Latin hymn, Angelus
ad Virginem (likely of
Franciscan origin). The
tune quickly spread
throughout Europe,
finding popularity in
Britain where it was even
referenced in
Chaucer’s
Canterbury Tales:Â
“Playing so sweetly
that the chamber rang; /
and Angelus ad virginem
he sang. .
.â€.Interestingly,
the melody we know and
love today is derived
from the original Basque
version. In my view, this
tune is a perfect example
of melody-crafting. It is
at once hauntingly
beautiful, yet warm and
joyous. Its contours are
complex, dramatic, yet
singable. I believe this
melodic accessibility is
the key to the
song’s lasting
popularity. I would also
attribute A Basque
Carol’s continued
popularity to its elegant
translation into English
(by Sabine Baring-Gould,
who rediscovered the
original Basque tune).
Translations often risk
sounding unimaginative,
coarse, and blunt. This
translation is strikingly
different. It was graced
with an especially poetic
translation including
lines such as “his
wings as drifted snow,
his eyes as
flame.â€I am very
excited to offer a new
perspective on this
classic carol, joining
the tradition of
composers preserving and
reimagining a priceless
medieval melody. My first
goal was to create a
flowing, richly-textured,
even cinematic string
accompaniment for the
choir. This approach was
very much inspired by the
dense, string-writing
style of English composer
Ralph Vaughan Williams.
My second goal was to
make the arrangement
flexible enough to be
performed with only
choir, only strings, or
(best of all) both
ensembles combined. To
further complement this
approach, I’ve
added an obligato line
for a solo recorder (solo
flute or violin work just
as well). If you listen
carefully, you will hear
a quote from my other
favorite holiday carol,
Jesu Bambino.I hope you
enjoy performing A Basque
Carol. I especially hope
that you sense the
ancient magic cast into
this tune, hearing the
ineffable qualities that
have compelled us to
sustain it for nearly a
millennium. Whether
you’re a choir, a
string orchestra, or a
combined ensemble, this
arrangement of A Basque
Carol will surely be a
haunting and lovely
addition to your next
holiday program!
For Trumpet in Bb and Piano, S. 49. Composed by Johann Nepomuk Hummel (17...(+)
For Trumpet in Bb and
Piano, S. 49.
Composed by Johann
Nepomuk Hummel
(1778-1837). Edited by
Elisa Koehler. Arranged
by Elisa Koehler.
Romantic. Score and
part(s). With Standard
notation. 36 8 pages.
Carl Fischer #W002681.
Published by Carl Fischer
(CF.W2681).
Composed by Camille
Saint-Saens. Edited by
Michael Stegemann. This
edition: Edition of
selected works, Urtext
edition. Linen.
Saint-Saens, Camille.
Oevres instrumentales
completes I/3. Edition of
selected works, Score.
Opus 78. Duration 39
minutes. Baerenreiter
Verlag #BA10303_01.
Published by Baerenreiter
Verlag (BA.BA10303-01).
ISBN 9790006559503. 33
x 26 cm inches. Key: C
minor. Preface: Michael
Stegemann.
The
third symphony by Camille
Saint-Saens, known as the
Organ Symphony, is the
first publication in a
complete
historical-critical
edition of the French
composer's instrumental
works.
I gave
everything I was able to
give in this work. [...]
What I have done here I
will never be able to do
again.Camille Saint-Saens
was rightly proud of his
third Symphony in C minor
Op.78, dedicated to the
memory of Franz Liszt.
Called theOrgan
Symphonybecause of its
novel scoring, the work
was a commission from the
Philharmonic Society in
London, as was
Beethoven's Ninth, and
was premiered there on 19
May 1886. The first
performance in Paris
followed on 9 January
1887 and confirmed the
composer's reputation
asprobably the most
significant, and
certainly the most
independent French
symphonistof his time, as
Ludwig Finscher wrote in
MGG. In fact the work
remains the only one in
the history of that genre
in France to the present
day, composed a good half
century after the
Symphonie fantastique by
Hector Berlioz and a good
half century before
Olivier Messiaen's
Turangalila
Symphonie.
You
would think that such a
famous, much-performed
and much recorded opus
could not hold any more
secrets, but far from it:
in the first
historical-critical
edition of the Symphony,
numerous inconsistencies
and mistakes in the
Durand edition in general
use until now, have been
uncovered and corrected.
An examination and
evaluation of the sources
ranged from two early
sketches, now preserved
in Paris and Washington
(in which the Symphony
was still in B minor!)
via the autograph
manuscript and a set of
proofs corrected by
Saint-Saens himself, to
the first and subsequent
editions of the full
score and parts. The
versions for piano duet
(by Leon Roques) and for
two pianos (by the
composer himself) were
also consulted. Further
crucial information was
finally found in his
extensive correspondence,
encompassing thousands of
previously unpublished
letters. The discoveries
made in producing this
edition include the fact
that at its London
premiere, the Symphony
probably looked quite
different from its
present appearance
...
No less
exciting than the work
itself is the history of
its composition and
reception, which are
described in an extensive
foreword. With his
Symphony, Saint-Saens
entered right into the
dispute which divided
French musical life into
pro and contra Wagner in
the 1880s and 1890s. At
the same time, the work
succeeded in preserving
the balance between
tradition and modernism
in masterly fashion, as a
contemporary critic
stated:The C minor
Symphony by Saint-Saens
creates a bridge from the
past into the future,
from immortal richness to
progress, from ideas to
their
implementation.
On
19 March 1886 Saint-Saens
wrote to the London
Philharmonic Society,
which commissioned the
work:
Work on the
symphony is in full
swing. But I warn you, it
will be terrible. Here is
the precise
instrumentation: 3 flutes
/ 2 oboes / 1 cor anglais
/ 2 clarinets / 1 bass
clarinet / 2 bassoons / 1
contrabassoon / 2 natural
horns / [3 trumpets /
Saint-Saens had forgotten
these in his listing.] 2
chromatic horns / 3
trombones / 1 tuba / 3
timpani / organ / 1 piano
duet and the strings, of
course. Fortunately,
there are no harps.
Unfortunately it will be
difficult. I am doing
what I can to mitigate
the
difficulties.
As
in my 4th Concerto [for
piano] and my [1st]
Violin Sonata [in D minor
Op.75] at first glance
there appear to be just
two parts: the first
Allegro and the Adagio,
the Scherzo and the
Finale, each attacca.
This fiendish symphony
has crept up by a
semitone; it did not want
to stay in B minor, and
is now in C
minor.
It would be
a pleasure for me to
conduct this symphony.
Whether it would be a
pleasure for others to
hear it? That is the
question. It is you who
wanted it, I wash my
hands of it. I will bring
the orchestral parts
carefully corrected with
me, and if anyone wants
to give me a nice
rehearsal for the
symphony after the full
rehearsal, everything
will be fine.
When
Saint-Saens hit upon the
idea of adding an organ
and a piano to the usual
orchestral scoring is not
known. The idea of adding
an organ part to a
secular orchestral work
intended for the concert
hall was thoroughly novel
- and not without
controversy. On the other
hand, Franz Liszt, whose
music Saint-Saens'
Symphony is so close to,
had already demonstrated
that the organ could
easily be an orchestral
instrument in his
symphonic poem
Hunnenschlacht (1856/57).
There was also a model
for the piano duet part
which Saint-Saens knew
and may possibly have
used quite consciously as
an exemplar: theFantaisie
sur la Tempetefrom the
lyrical monodrama Lelio,
ou le retour a la Vie op.
14bis (1831) by Berlioz.
The name of the organist
at the premiere ist
unknown, as,
incidentally, was also
the case with many of the
later performances; the
organ part is indeed not
soloistic, but should be
understood as part of the
orchestral
texture.
In fact
the subsequent success of
the symphony seems to
have represented a kind
of breakthrough for the
composer, who was then
over 50 years of age.My
dear composer of a famous
symphony, wrote
Saint-Saens' friend and
pupil Gabriel Faure:You
will never be able to
imagine what a pleasure I
had last Sunday [at the
second performance on 16
January 1887]! And I had
the score and did not
miss a single note of
this Symphony, which will
endure much longer than
we two, even if we were
to join together our two
lifespans!
About
Barenreiter
Urtext
What can I
expect from a Barenreiter
Urtext
edition?<
/p>
MUSICOLOGICA
LLY SOUND - A
reliable musical text
based on all available
sources - A
description of the
sources -
Information on the
genesis and history of
the work - Valuable
notes on performance
practice - Includes
an introduction with
critical commentary
explaining source
discrepancies and
editorial decisions
... AND
PRACTICAL -
Page-turns, fold-out
pages, and cues where you
need them - A
well-presented layout and
a user-friendly
format - Excellent
print quality -
Superior paper and
binding
Concert Band/Harmonie - Grade 3.5 SKU: BT.AMP-503-140 Composed by Philip ...(+)
Concert Band/Harmonie -
Grade 3.5
SKU:
BT.AMP-503-140
Composed by Philip
Sparke. Anglo Music
Midway Series. Concert
Piece. Score Only.
Composed 2021. 40 pages.
Anglo Music Press #AMP
503-140. Published by
Anglo Music Press
(BT.AMP-503-140).
English-German-French-
Dutch.
A Little
Klezmer Suite was
commissioned by Rushton
Park High School to
celebrate the 50th
anniversary of their band
programme. They gave the
premiere in a virtual
online concert in October
2020. Klezmer music
originated inthe
‘shtetl’
(villages) and the
ghettos of Eastern
Europe, where itinerant
Jewish troubadours, known
as
‘klezmorim’,
had performed at
celebrations,
particularly weddings,
since the early Middle
Ages. 'Klezmer' is a
Yiddish termcombining the
Hebrew words
‘kley’
(instrument) and
‘zemer’
(song). The roots of the
style are found in
secular melodies, popular
dances, Jewish
‘hazanut’
(cantorial music) and
also the
‘nigunim’,
the wordless melodies
intoned bythe
‘Hasidim’
(orthodox Jews). The
melodies used in the four
movements of A Little
Klezmer Suite have
traditionally been used
in Jewish wedding
ceremonies and
celebrations.
A
Little Klezmer Suite
werd geschreven in
opdracht van de Rushton
Park High School ter
gelegenheid van het
vijftigjarig bestaan van
het blaasorkest van de
school. De première
vond in oktober 2020
plaats tijdens een
virtueelonlineconcert.
Klezmermuziek is ontstaan
in de 'sjtetls' (dorpen)
en getto’s van
Oost-Europa, waar
rondreizende Joodse
troubadours, de zogeheten
klezmorim, sinds de
vroege middeleeuwen
optraden bij feesten, met
name bruiloften.Klezmer
is een Jiddische term
waarin de Hebreeuwse
woorden 'kley'
(instrument) en 'zemer'
(lied) zijn gecombineerd.
De oorsprong van de stijl
is te vinden in
wereldlijke melodieën,
populaire dansen, de
chazanoet muziek uit
desynagoge met een
voorzanger en de nigunim,
de tekstloze melodieën
die worden gezongen door
de orthodoxe chassidische
joden. De melodieën
die in de vier delen van
A Little Klezmer
Suite zijn gebruikt,
werden vanoorsprong ten
gehore gebracht op Joodse
bruiloftsplechtigheden en
huwelijksfeesten.
A Little Klezmer
Suite wurde von der
Rushton Park High School
in Auftrag gegeben, um
den 50. Geburtstag ihres
Blasorchesters zu feiern.
Die Uraufführung fand
im Rahmen eines
virtuellen
Online-Konzerts im
Oktober 2020 statt.Die
Klezmer-Musik entstand in
den sogenannten
Schtetl“
(Dörfern) und in den
osteuropäischen
Ghettos, in denen
fahrende jüdische
Troubadoure, bekannt als
Klezmorim“, seit
dem frühen Mittelalter
bei Festen, insbesondere
beiHochzeiten,
aufgetreten sind.
Klezmer“ ist ein
jiddischer Begriff, der
die hebräischen
Wörter kley“
(Instrument) und
zemer“ (Lied)
miteinander kombiniert.
Der Ursprung des Stils
liegt in weltlichen
Melodien,
Volkstänzen,jüdisch
er Hazanut“
(Kantorenmusik) und in
den Nigunim“
Melodien ohne Text, die
von den Chassidim
(orthodoxen Juden)
intoniert wurden. Die
Melodien, die in den vier
Sätzen von A Little
Klezmer Suite
vorkommen,
wurdentraditionell bei
jüdischen
Hochzeitszeremonien und
Feiern
gespielt.
Concert Band/Harmonie - Grade 3.5 SKU: BT.AMP-503-010 Composed by Philip ...(+)
Concert Band/Harmonie -
Grade 3.5
SKU:
BT.AMP-503-010
Composed by Philip
Sparke. Anglo Music
Midway Series. Concert
Piece. Set (Score and
Parts). Composed 2021.
Anglo Music Press #AMP
503-010. Published by
Anglo Music Press
(BT.AMP-503-010).
English-German-French-
Dutch.
A Little
Klezmer Suite was
commissioned by Rushton
Park High School to
celebrate the 50th
anniversary of their band
programme. They gave the
premiere in a virtual
online concert in October
2020. Klezmer music
originated inthe
ââ¬Ështetlâ
¬â¢ (villages)
and the ghettos of
Eastern Europe, where
itinerant Jewish
troubadours, known as
ââ¬ËklezmorimÃ
¢â¬â¢, had
performed at
celebrations,
particularly weddings,
since the early Middle
Ages. 'Klezmer' is a
Yiddish termcombining the
Hebrew words
ââ¬Ëkleyââ
¬â¢ (instrument)
and
ââ¬Ëzemerââ
¬â¢ (song). The
roots of the style are
found in secular
melodies, popular dances,
Jewish
ââ¬Ëhazanutâ
â¬â¢ (cantorial
music) and also the
ââ¬Ënigunimâ
â¬â¢, the
wordless melodies intoned
bythe
ââ¬ËHasidimâ
â¬â¢ (orthodox
Jews). The melodies used
in the four movements of
A Little Klezmer
Suite have
traditionally been used
in Jewish wedding
ceremonies and
celebrations.
A
Little Klezmer Suite
werd geschreven in
opdracht van de Rushton
Park High School ter
gelegenheid van het
vijftigjarig bestaan van
het blaasorkest van de
school. De
première vond in
oktober 2020 plaats
tijdens een
virtueelonlineconcert.
Klezmermuziek is ontstaan
in de 'sjtetls' (dorpen)
en gettoââ¬â¢s
van Oost-Europa, waar
rondreizende Joodse
troubadours, de zogeheten
klezmorim, sinds de
vroege middeleeuwen
optraden bij feesten, met
name bruiloften.Klezmer
is een Jiddische term
waarin de Hebreeuwse
woorden 'kley'
(instrument) en 'zemer'
(lied) zijn gecombineerd.
De oorsprong van de stijl
is te vinden in
wereldlijke
melodieën,
populaire dansen, de
chazanoet muziek uit
desynagoge met een
voorzanger en de nigunim,
de tekstloze
melodieën die
worden gezongen door de
orthodoxe chassidische
joden. De
melodieën die in
de vier delen van A
Little Klezmer Suite
zijn gebruikt, werden
vanoorsprong ten gehore
gebracht op Joodse
bruiloftsplechtigheden en
huwelijksfeesten.
A Little Klezmer
Suite wurde von der
Rushton Park High School
in Auftrag gegeben, um
den 50. Geburtstag ihres
Blasorchesters zu feiern.
Die Uraufführung
fand im Rahmen eines
virtuellen
Online-Konzerts im
Oktober 2020 statt.Die
Klezmer-Musik entstand in
den sogenannten
Schtetlââ¬Å
(Dörfern) und in
den
osteuropäischen
Ghettos, in denen
fahrende jüdische
Troubadoure, bekannt als
Klezmorimââ¬Å,
seit dem frühen
Mittelalter bei Festen,
insbesondere
beiHochzeiten,
aufgetreten sind.
Klezmerââ¬Å ist
ein jiddischer Begriff,
der die
hebräischen
Wörter
kleyââ¬Å
(Instrument) und
zemerââ¬Å
(Lied) miteinander
kombiniert. Der Ursprung
des Stils liegt in
weltlichen Melodien,
Volkstänzen,jÃ
¼discher
Hazanutââ¬Å
(Kantorenmusik) und in
den Nigunimââ¬Å
Melodien ohne Text, die
von den Chassidim
(orthodoxen Juden)
intoniert wurden. Die
Melodien, die in den vier
Sätzen von A
Little Klezmer Suite
vorkommen,
wurdentraditionell bei
jüdischen
Hochzeitszeremonien und
Feiern
gespielt.
Composed by Normand Gouin. Holy Week, 21st Century, Commitment/Discipleship, ...(+)
Composed by Normand
Gouin.
Holy Week, 21st Century,
Commitment/Discipleship,
Love, Unity. Instrumental
part. Duration 3 minutes,
45
seconds. MorningStar
Music
Publishers #50-6111.
Published by MorningStar
Music Publishers
Keyboard (KEYB+MIDI) - very easy to easy SKU: HL.49032314 Read the mus...(+)
Keyboard (KEYB+MIDI) -
very easy to easy
SKU:
HL.49032314
Read
the music and play it
straight away. For
tuition purposes and
individual study -
revised, extended and
with a new look.
Composed by Axel
Benthien. This edition:
Saddle stitching. Sheet
music with MIDI-floppy
disk. Edition Schott.
Vorbereitung auf
mehrstimmiges Spiel
(linke Hand) -
Improvisation -
Rhythmisch-melodische
Lebendigkeit. Edition
with MIDI-Diskette. 64
pages. Schott Music #ED
7282-01. Published by
Schott Music
(HL.49032314).
ISBN
9783795757021.
German.
This method
is aimed at everybody who
wants to learn to play
the keyboard, in lessons
or self-study, in
methodological teaching
units with the help of
popular songs and useful
information: at beginners
of every age, but also at
wind players, singers or
guitarists who wish to
become musical 'insiders'
and look for a method to
approach improvisation,
composition, harmony,
etc. through keyboard
playing. It is especially
on the keyboard with its
clear, regular layout
that scales, chords and
harmonic progressions can
be shown in a clearer and
more systematic way than
on any other instrument.
Musicians with previous
knowledge can start with
volume 2 or 3. Volume 3:
Seven new chords which
can easily and certainly
be learnt due to the
previous slow increase in
difficulty and the
increased use of the left
hand for independent
accompaniments help to
prepare for polyphonic
playing with both hands.
Playing with two hands
and with a number of new
rhythmic structures which
have all been taken from
well-known melodies make
music-making and learning
in this volume a great
experience. The knowledge
of intervals, exercises
for the quick recognition
of the intervals, and
transposing form the
basis of the introduction
to harmony provided for
in volume 4.
Composed by
Traditional Christmas
Spiritual. Arranged by
Ken Berg. Sws.
Performance Score. 16
pages. Duration 3
minutes, 40 seconds. Carl
Fischer Music #CM9634.
Published by Carl Fischer
Music (CF.CM9634).
ISBN 9781491157060.
UPC: 680160915620. 6.875
x 10.5 inches. Key: G
major. English, English.
Traditional Christmas
Spiritual.
Berg's
fantastic setting of this
beloved American
Christmas spiritual for
advanced tenor-bass
choirs tells a story of
hope and meaning. The
various textures
throughout the a cappella
arrangement with solos
add much variety and
musical interest. A
holiday programming
must!. This beloved
American Christmas
Spiritual, like all
spirituals and/or folk
songs, tells a story.
This is a story of hope
and meaning. The
introductory solo call
and response (mm. 1-7) is
hymnic in nature, just to
get us started. (Think of
it as an effective head
fake!) The entrance at m.
8 from the upper three
voices (we'll call them
the trio part henceforth)
is pivotal. They set the
stage for the
conversation between the
singers and the soloist
for the rest of the song.
From this point, the song
is basically a Jazz Trio
in vocal form. The bass
singers take on the role
of the cool dude in the
back wearing dark glasses
and a beret playing the
string bass. They provide
the driving force for the
forward movement of the
entire song. The trio
part, basically tenors 1
& 2 and baritones,
take on the role of the
keyboard providing
chordal structure and
syncopation. Their job is
to fill the listener's
ear with sound and
rhythm. The soloist tells
the story using the known
melody and text with
appropriate improv
opportunities to keep the
listeners focused on the
message of the song.
There is enough
repetition to make for
easy learning, but this
also means that the
chords need to snap into
position cleanly every
time. The Verses are
easily identified (there
are three) and presented
with some small
variations in Verse 3
(see mm. 56-58...this
only happens once). The
Refrain (mm. 30-37) is
the part of the song
where the singers switch
from the Jazz Trio role
and actually become a
Men's Choral Ensemble.
This Refrain is repeated
after Verse 3 at mm.
66-71. Between verses 2
& 3, there is not a
refrain. Instead, there
is a bridge repeated from
the introductory
material, but used this
time to move us into a
new key signature. This
can be a very exciting
moment for the singers as
well as the listeners!
Measures 72-75 is known
in the business as a
vamp. It can be repeated
once and then move on, OR
it can be repeated
multiple times, depending
on the comfort level of
the soloist and the
response of the audience.
It is important that
there be a clear signal
from the conductor as to
how to end the vamp and
move effectively to the
actual coda of the song.
The ending should be sung
with tight control that
only looks like reckless
abandon! Faces bright;
words clean; melody
clear; rhythms precise!
Enjoy. This beloved
American Christmas
Spiritual, like all
spirituals and/or folk
songs, tells a story.
This is a story of hope
and meaning. The
introductory solo call
and response (mm. 1-7) is
hymnic in nature, just to
get us started. (Think of
it as an effective head
fake!)The entrance at m.
8 from the upper three
voices (we’ll call
them the “trio
part†henceforth)
is pivotal. They set the
stage for the
conversation between the
singers and the soloist
for the rest of the song.
From this point, the song
is basically a Jazz Trio
in vocal form. The bass
singers take on the role
of the cool dude in the
back wearing dark glasses
and a beret playing the
string bass. They provide
the driving force for the
forward movement of the
entire song.The
“trio partâ€,
basically tenors 1 & 2
and baritones, take on
the role of the keyboard
providing chordal
structure and
syncopation. Their job is
to fill the
listener’s ear
with sound and rhythm.The
soloist tells the story
using the known melody
and text with appropriate
improv opportunities to
keep the listeners
focused on the message of
the song.There is enough
repetition to make for
easy learning, but this
also means that the
chords need to
“snap into
position†cleanly
every time. The Verses
are easily identified
(there are three) and
presented with some small
variations in Verse 3
(see mm. 56-58…this
only happens once).The
Refrain (mm. 30-37) is
the part of the song
where the singers switch
from the “Jazz
Trio†role and
actually become a
“Men’s
Choral Ensembleâ€.
This Refrain is repeated
after Verse 3 at mm.
66-71. Between verses 2 &
3, there is not a
refrain. Instead, there
is a bridge repeated from
the introductory
material, but used this
time to move us into a
new key signature. This
can be a very exciting
moment for the singers as
well as the
listeners!Measures 72-75
is known in the business
as a “vampâ€.
It can be repeated once
and then move on, OR it
can be repeated multiple
times, depending on the
comfort level of the
soloist and the response
of the audience.It is
important that there be a
clear signal from the
conductor as to how to
end the
“vamp†and
move effectively to the
actual coda of the song.
The ending should be sung
with tight control that
only looks like reckless
abandon!Faces bright;
words clean; melody
clear; rhythms precise!
Enjoy.
Nordanvind Orchestre d'harmonie - Intermédiaire Carl Fischer
Band concert band - Grade 4.5 SKU: CF.SPS71 Composed by Carl Strommen. Se...(+)
Band concert band - Grade
4.5
SKU: CF.SPS71
Composed by Carl
Strommen. Set of Score
and Parts. With Standard
notation.
2+16+4+8+8+8+4+4+2+4+4+4+
4+6+6+6+4+4+4+4+6+6+6+6+4
+8+3+2+12+2+4+28 pages.
Duration 6 minutes, 26
seconds. Carl Fischer
Music #SPS71. Published
by Carl Fischer Music
(CF.SPS71).
ISBN
9781491143544. UPC:
680160901043. Key: G
minor.
Nordanvind
is a tour de force
symphonic rhapsody that
is built on three
Scandinavian folk songs.
Composer Carl Strommen
has composed these
Viking-influenced
melodies into a concert
setting that brings out
all of the history of the
Scandinavian people. The
piece is at times bold
and aggressive, at other
times beautiful. Carl
employs all of the
instrumental colors of
the concert band to
create a new work for
more advanced
ensembles. Modern
Scandinavians are
descendants of the
Vikings, an adventuresome
people who were known for
their love of the sea,
their naval prowess, and
as fierce fighters . The
Scandinavian Vikings were
warriors from Denmark,
Norway, and Sweden who
traded, raided and
settled in various parts
of Europe, Russia, the
North Atlantic islands,
and the northeastern
coast of North America
.Starting around 1850,
over one million Swedes
left their homeland for
the United States in
search of religious
freedom and open farm
land . Augustana College
was founded in 1860 by
graduates of Swedish
universities and is
located on the
Mississippi River in Rock
Island, Illinois . Home
of the
“Vikings,â€
Augustana College is the
oldest Swedish- American
institution of higher
learning in the United
States . This powerful
and lively piece takes
inspiration from Swedish
history and from Swedish
folk songs and hymns
.Havsdrake (Dragon of the
Sea)The Nordanvind or
“North Windâ€
blows a cold wind during
a journey of a group of
courageous Viking rowers
. The
“Dragon-shipâ€
or long ships designed
for raiding and war was a
sophisticated, fast ship
able to navigate in very
shallow water . To
musically portray these
magnificent seafaring
vessels, the director is
encouraged to use an
Ocean Drum (or a rain
stick) during the
introduction . Wind
players may consider
blowing air through their
instruments to suggest
the North wind . Adding
men’s voices to
accompany the haunting
low brass and percussive
“rowerâ€
sounds can be helpful in
creating the dark and
ominous portrayal of
Viking adventurers
.Slangpolska efter Byss -
KalleIn Sweden, a
“polska†is a
partner dance where the
dancers spin each other
(släng in Swedish
“to sling or
tossâ€) .
Slangpolska efter Byss -
Kalle is attributed to
Byss-Kalle, who was a
notable Swedish folk
musician, specifically a
nyckelharpa player .
Slangpolska efter Byss -
Kalle is a traditional
“polskaâ€
dance song most often
played on the Nyckelharpa
or keyed fiddle and is
commonly heard in pubs
and at festive events
throughout Sweden .
Approximately 10,000
nyckelharpa players live
in Sweden today, and the
Swedish and the American
Nyckelharpa Associations
are dedicated to this
Swedish National
instrument . The director
is encouraged to share
video and audio examples
of the nyckelharpa
playing the original
Slangpolska efter Byss -
Kalle .Tryggare Kan Ingen
Vara (Children of the
Heavenly Father)Tryggare
Kan Ingen Vara Is a
traditional Swedish
melody, possibly of
German roots, and was
believed to be arranged
as a hymn by the Swedish
hymn writer, Karolina
Wilhelmina Sandell-Berg
(1832–1903) . As a
daughter of a Swedish
Lutheran minister, she
began writing poems as a
teenager and is said to
have written over 1,700
different texts . There
are two different
accounts as to the
inspiration for this hymn
. The first story is that
Lina (as she was called)
wrote the hymn to honor
her father and to say
thank you to him for
raising her and
protecting her . A second
belief is of her
witnessing the tragic
death of her father . She
and her father were on a
boat, when a wave threw
her father overboard . It
was said that the
profound effect of
watching her father drown
is what caused Lina to
write the text to this
hymn . Although this is a
treasured song to people
of Swedish descent
everywhere, it speaks to
all people about a father
tending and nourishing
his children, and
protecting them from evil
.SPS71FThe Augustana
College Concert
BandFounded in 1874, the
Augustana Band program is
one of the oldest
continuously active
collegiate band programs
in the country . The
Concert Band is one of
two bands on campus and
was formed more than
thirty years ago . The
Concert Band attracts
students of every skill
level and from a wide
variety of majors .
Students in the ensemble
play a large part in
choosing their music for
performance, which
include works from the
standard repertoire,
orchestral
transcriptions, and the
latest compositions from
leading composers .Rick
Jaeschke began his
musical career as a
clarinet player in the
1st US Army Band . He
received a Bachelor of
Music degree from
Susquehanna University, a
Masters of Music from
James Madison University,
and a doctorate from
Columbia University in
New York . He was also
fortunate to study
conducting with Donald
Hunsburger and with
Frederick Fennell .Dr .
Jaeschke taught band and
choir at Great Mills High
School in Southern
Maryland, and for fifteen
years, he was the
district Music Supervisor
in Armonk, New York,
where he taught high
school concert and jazz
bands, beginning band,
and music technology .
During that time, the
music program flourished,
and the high school band
consistently received
Gold Medals in the New
York State Festivals, as
well as in national, and
international festivals .
As a clarinet and
saxophone player, Dr .
Jaeschke performed in the
New York metropolitan
area with the Rockland
Symphony Orchestra, the
Putnam Symphony
Orchestra, Fine Arts
Symphony Orchestra, and
served as the concert
master for the Hudson
Valley Wind Symphony .For
several years, Dr .
Jaeschke served as the
Fine Arts Coordinator for
the District 204 schools
in Naperville, IL, a
district selected as One
of the Best 100 Schools
in America for Music .
Currently, Dr . Jaeschke
is an Associate Professor
at Augustana College
where he teaches music
and music education
courses, and directs the
Concert Band . He has
served on various
educational boards, is a
National edTPA scorer,
and has presented at
state, national and
international music
conferences . He lives
with his family in
Bettendorf Iowa, and
enjoys any opportunity to
explore the open water in
his sea kayak .
Chamber Music Piano, Trumpet SKU: CF.W2682 For Trumpet in E and Piano,...(+)
Chamber Music Piano,
Trumpet
SKU:
CF.W2682
For
Trumpet in E and Piano,
S.49. Composed by
Johann Hummel. Edited by
Elisa Koehler. Set of
Score and Parts. With
Standard notation. 36+8
pages. Carl Fischer Music
#W2682. Published by Carl
Fischer Music (CF.W2682).
ISBN 9781491144954.
UPC: 680160902453. 9 x 12
inches. Key: E
major.
Violin, Guitar SKU: UT.CH-335 Composed by Nicolo Paganini. Edited by Ital...(+)
Violin, Guitar
SKU:
UT.CH-335
Composed by
Nicolo Paganini. Edited
by Italo Vescovo. Saddle
stitching. Classical.
Score and Parts. Ut
Orpheus #CH 335.
Published by Ut Orpheus
(UT.CH-335).
Choral SAB chorus, piano SKU: CF.CM9731 From Requiem, Op 45. Compo...(+)
Choral SAB chorus, piano
SKU: CF.CM9731
From Requiem, Op
45. Composed by
Johannes Brahms. Arranged
by Russell L. Robinson.
20 pages. Duration 5:30.
Carl Fischer Music
#CM9731. Published by
Carl Fischer Music
(CF.CM9731).
ISBN
9781491161111. UPC:
680160919703. Key: C
major.
English.
Johannes
Brahms, born May 7, 1833
in Hamburg, Germany and
died April 3, 1897 in
Vienna where he lived
most of his life. Brahms
is one of the most famous
composers of the Romantic
period (1830-1920)
although his music has
many elements of the
Classical period (1750 to
1830) as he followed many
of the practices of
Classical composers
Haydn, Mozart and
Beethoven. In addition to
being a composer, he was
also well-known as a
pianist and conductor.
Brahms began writing the
Requiem (also known as
the German Requiem, Opus
45) soon after his mother
died in February 1865
which caused him great
grief. In April of that
year, he completed the
first, second and fourth
movements and completed
the rest of the seven
movements in May of 1868.
How Lovely is Thy
Dwelling Place (Wie
Lieblich sind Deine
Wohnungen) was the fourth
movement of his seven
movement work.
Originally written for
SATB voices in E-flat
major, this seamlessly
similar arrangement for
SAB voices, now in C
major, affords all voices
comfortable ranges.
Although, it is
approximately 5 minutes
and 30 seconds in length,
it is perceived to be
much shorter because of
the contrasting stylistic
sections within the work.
How Lovely is Thy
Dwelling Place is one of
the most beautiful choral
pieces by Brahms, perhaps
in the entire Romantic
period. Although
Brahms wrote the original
piano reduction, in this
edition, it has been made
more accessible for
pianists with a wide
range of skills. Pay
close attention to the
dynamic markings
throughout the piece,
making them apparent to
the voices, conductor,
and audience. I hope you
enjoy singing this
beautiful and timeless
piece by Johannes Brahms!
Russell Robinson,
Arranger
 . Johannes
Brahms, born May 7, 1833
in Hamburg, Germany and
died April 3, 1897 in
Vienna where he lived
most of his life. Brahms
is one of the most famous
composers of the Romantic
period (1830-1920)
although his music has
many elements of the
Classical period (1750 to
1830) as he followed many
of the practices of
Classical composers
Haydn, Mozart and
Beethoven. In
addition to being a
composer, he was also
well-known as a pianist
and conductor. Brahms
began writing the Requiem
(also known as the German
Requiem, Opus 45) soon
after his mother died in
February 1865 which
caused him great
grief. In April of
that year, he completed
the first, second and
fourth movements and
completed the rest of the
seven movements in May of
1868. How Lovely is
Thy Dwelling Place (Wie
Lieblich sind Deine
Wohnungen) was the fourth
movement of his seven
movement
work. Originally
written for SATB voices
in E-flat major, this
seamlessly similar
arrangement for SAB
voices, now in C major,
affords all voices
comfortable ranges.
Although, it is
approximately 5 minutes
and 30 seconds in length,
it is perceived to be
much shorter because of
the contrasting stylistic
sections within the work.
How Lovely is Thy
Dwelling Place is one of
the most beautiful choral
pieces by Brahms, perhaps
in the entire Romantic
period. Although
Brahms wrote the original
piano reduction, in this
edition, it has been made
more accessible for
pianists with a wide
range of skills. Pay
close attention to the
dynamic markings
throughout the piece,
making them apparent to
the voices, conductor,
and audience.I hope you
enjoy singing this
beautiful and timeless
piece by Johannes
Brahms!Russell Robinson,
Arranger    .
Birthplace of the
Desert People.
Composed by Doris Gazda.
Carl Fischer Concert
String Orchestra Series.
Set of Score and Parts.
With Standard notation.
16+16+4+10+10+10+2+4+12
pages. Duration 4
minutes, 21 seconds. Carl
Fischer Music #CAS73.
Published by Carl Fischer
Music (CF.CAS73).
ISBN
9780825894749. UPC:
798408094744. 9 x 12
inches. Key: Eb
minor.
A dynamic
new concert piece from
popular composer Doris
Gazda, Baboquivari is
mysterious at first and
then breaks into an
exciting 6/8 groove that
shifts into several
different key areas to
add to the excitement.
Perfect for contest and
festival
performances. The
Native American people
who reside primarily in
the Sonoran Desert of
southeastern Arizona and
northwest Mexico are
known as the Tohono
O'odham. Tohono
O’odham means
Desert People. The Tohono
O’odham
reservation is the
location of the Quinlan
and Baboquivari
Mountains, which include
Kitt Peak, the Kitt Peak
National Observatory with
its numerous telescopes
and Baboquivari Peak.
Baboquivari is a
7,730-foot (2,356- meter)
granitic monolith located
about 60 miles southwest
of Tucson, Arizona. Part
of the peak lies in the
2,900,000-acre Tohono
O’odham
Reservation, the second
largest Indian
reservation in the United
States, while most of it
lies in the Baboquivari
Mountains Wilderness
Area.Baboquivari Peak is
the most sacred place to
the Tohono O'odham
people. It is the cen-
ter of the Tohono O'odham
cosmology and the home of
the creator,
I’itoi. According
to tribal legend, he
resides in a cave below
the base of the mountain
which is regarded by the
O'odham nation as the
navel of the world, a
place where the earth
opened and the people
emerged after the great
flood. Baboquivari Peak
is also sometimes
referred to as I'itoi
Mountain. In the native
O’odham language,
it is referred to as Waw
Kiwulik, meaning narrow
about the
middle.Baboquivari Peak
was mentioned in the
journals of Jesuit
missionary Padre Eusebio
Francisco Kino
(1645-1711), who made
many expeditions into
this region of the
Sonoran Desert. Beginning
in 1699, Kino introduced
Spanish culture and
Christianity to the
desert dwellers. He
established at least
twenty Spanish Missions
in the area, most of
which were in the Tohono
O'odham nation. The
Tohono O'odham tell the
story that at the
beginning of the Spanish
conquest of what is
present day Arizona, a
certain Spanish officer
and his men tried to dig
their way into
Baboquivari. Suddenly,
the ground under them
opened and Baboquivari
swallowed them. This
story has similarities to
that of Francisco
Vásquez de Coronado's
search for the Seven
Cities of Cibola and a
place called Quivira,
where, he was told, he
could get his hands on
unlimited quantities of
gold. The gold had a way
of disappearing while
they were
searching.Today, the
mountain offers a
strenuous climb for
experienced hikers. It
has a waist which was
overcome at one time
through the use of
ladders. Today's mountain
climbers get past the
indentation that
encircles the mountain by
using ropes where
necessary.
Soprano Recorder and Piano - easy SKU: BT.EMBZ7888 For Descant Recorde...(+)
Soprano Recorder and
Piano - easy
SKU:
BT.EMBZ7888
For
Descant Recorder - Für
Sopranblockflöte.
By Laszlo Czidra. EMB
Music for Beginners.
Educational Tool. Book
Only. Composed 1976. 56
pages. Editio Musica
Budapest #EMBZ7888.
Published by Editio
Musica Budapest
(BT.EMBZ7888).
English-German-Hungari
an.
The present
collection has been
compiled for descant
recorder. This instrument
was ousted from use in
the age of the Viennese
Classics, and it has
regained its rights only
in the present century.
This explains why the
collection comprises-in
addition to new Hungarian
music-almost exclusively
Renaissance and Baroque
works. As it is well
known, the masters of old
times put down their
works only in outline,
and the music has to be
reconstructed by a
practised performer. This
collection is intended to
help in assimilating the
spirit of these old
styles. All the old works
are given here in both
their original and
ornamented variants. The
ornamentations have been
taken over
fromcontemporaneous
arrangements, and where
none were available, we
worked them out on the
basis of contemporaneous
performing practice. All
the solutions serve only
as suggestions with his
expanding stylistic
knowledge the student
himself should also
boldly invent and
extemporize
ornamentation!
Die vorliegende
Sammlung ist für
Sopran-Blockflöte
zusammengestellt. Dieses
Instrument wurde zur Zeit
der Wiener Klassiker aus
der Praxis verdrängt
und erlangte erst in
diesem Jahrhundert wieder
seine Rechte. Dies
erklärt die
Zusammensetzung unserer
Sammlung, die außer
der neuen ungarischen
Musik fast
ausschließlich Werke
der Renaissance und des
Barocks enthält. Es
ist allgemein bekannt,
daß die alten Meister
ihre Musik nur
skizzenhaft notierten,
und die berufenen
Interpreten sollen ihre
Werke rekonstruieren. Der
Zweck der Sammlung ist:
hilfreich die Aneignung
des Geistes der alten
Stile zu fördern. Wir
bringen alle alten Werke
in der ursprünglichen
und verzierten
Variante.Die Ornamente
wurden aus
zeitgenössischen
Bearbeitungen genommen,
und wo solche uns nicht
zur Verfügung standen,
wurden die Ornamente
aufgrund der
zeitgenössischen
Vortragspraxis
ausgearbeitet. Diese
Lösungen sind
lediglich
Vorschläge.