Concert Band - Grade 4

SKU: BT.CMP-0642-02-040

Concert March. Composed by James Hosay. Prestige Series. Concert March. Set (Score & Parts). Composed 2002. Curnow Music #CMP 0642-02-040. Published by Curnow Music (BT.CMP-0642-02-040).

For the opening ceremony of the fiftieth anniversary of NATO, James L. Hosay was commissioned to write a special march. The heads of state of all member states of NATO were present at this event. According to instructions, the march had to be a combination of marches in American, Western European and Eastern European style. This way, a concert march was written to outline the history of the greatest alliance ever of countries working together. Now your band and audience can experience this piece of world history in a tribute to the Alliance of the Free!

Cette marche est une œuvre de commande composée spécialement par James L. Hosay pour la cérémonie d’ouverture du cinquantième anniversaire de la création de l’OTAN. Les chefs de tous les États membres de l’Alliance Nord-Atlantique étaient présents cet événement. Selon les instructions données au compositeur, l’œuvre devait combiner les différents styles des marches d’Amérique du Nord, d’Europe occidentale et d’Europe de l’Est. partir de ces éléments, James L. Hosay a composé une marche de concert qui illustre l’histoire de la plus grande alliance ayant jamais existé entre des pays collaborant au sein d’une même organisation. Cet hommage rendu l’Alliance des Pays Libres permet de célébrer lors d’un concert une part importante de l’histoire mondiale.

Concert Band/Harmonie - Grade 3.5

SKU: BT.AMP-503-010

Composed by Philip Sparke. Anglo Music Midway Series. Concert Piece. Set (Score and Parts). Composed 2021. Anglo Music Press #AMP 503-010. Published by Anglo Music Press (BT.AMP-503-010).

English-German-French-Dutch.

A Little Klezmer Suite was commissioned by Rushton Park High School to celebrate the 50th anniversary of their band programme. They gave the premiere in a virtual online concert in October 2020. Klezmer music originated inthe ‘shtetl’ (villages) and the ghettos of Eastern Europe, where itinerant Jewish troubadours, known as ‘klezmorim’, had performed at celebrations, particularly weddings, since the early Middle Ages. 'Klezmer' is a Yiddish termcombining the Hebrew words ‘kley’ (instrument) and ‘zemer’ (song). The roots of the style are found in secular melodies, popular dances, Jewish ‘hazanut’ (cantorial music) and also the ‘nigunim’, the wordless melodies intoned bythe ‘Hasidim’ (orthodox Jews). The melodies used in the four movements of A Little Klezmer Suite have traditionally been used in Jewish wedding ceremonies and celebrations.

A Little Klezmer Suite werd geschreven in opdracht van de Rushton Park High School ter gelegenheid van het vijftigjarig bestaan van het blaasorkest van de school. De première vond in oktober 2020 plaats tijdens een virtueelonlineconcert. Klezmermuziek is ontstaan in de 'sjtetls' (dorpen) en getto’s van Oost-Europa, waar rondreizende Joodse troubadours, de zogeheten klezmorim, sinds de vroege middeleeuwen optraden bij feesten, met name bruiloften.Klezmer is een Jiddische term waarin de Hebreeuwse woorden 'kley' (instrument) en 'zemer' (lied) zijn gecombineerd. De oorsprong van de stijl is te vinden in wereldlijke melodieën, populaire dansen, de chazanoet muziek uit desynagoge met een voorzanger en de nigunim, de tekstloze melodieën die worden gezongen door de orthodoxe chassidische joden. De melodieën die in de vier delen van A Little Klezmer Suite zijn gebruikt, werden vanoorsprong ten gehore gebracht op Joodse bruiloftsplechtigheden en huwelijksfeesten.

A Little Klezmer Suite wurde von der Rushton Park High School in Auftrag gegeben, um den 50. Geburtstag ihres Blasorchesters zu feiern. Die Uraufführung fand im Rahmen eines virtuellen Online-Konzerts im Oktober 2020 statt.Die Klezmer-Musik entstand in den sogenannten Schtetl“ (Dörfern) und in den osteuropäischen Ghettos, in denen fahrende jüdische Troubadoure, bekannt als Klezmorim“, seit dem frühen Mittelalter bei Festen, insbesondere beiHochzeiten, aufgetreten sind. Klezmer“ ist ein jiddischer Begriff, der die hebräischen Wörter kley“ (Instrument) und zemer“ (Lied) miteinander kombiniert. Der Ursprung des Stils liegt in weltlichen Melodien, Volkstänzen,jüdischer Hazanut“ (Kantorenmusik) und in den Nigunim“ Melodien ohne Text, die von den Chassidim (orthodoxen Juden) intoniert wurden. Die Melodien, die in den vier Sätzen von A Little Klezmer Suite vorkommen, wurdentraditionell bei jüdischen Hochzeitszeremonien und Feiern gespielt.

A Little Klezmer Suite est une commande de Rushton Park High School, en Angleterre, pour marquer le cinquantième anniversaire du programme de son harmonie. La pièce a été créée lors d’un concert virtuel en ligne en octobre2020. La musique klezmer est née dans les ‘shtetl’ (villages) et les ghettos d’Europe de l’Est, où les troubadours juifs itinérants, connus sous le nom de ‘klezmorim’, se produisaient lors de célébrations, en particulier lesmariages, depuis le début du Moyen ge. « Klezmer » est un terme yiddish qui combine les mots hébreux ‘kley’ (instrument) et ‘zemer’ (chanson). Les racines de ce style se trouvent dans les mélodies profanes, les danses populaires,le ‘hazanut’ juif (musique liturgique) ainsi que les ‘nigunim’, mélodies sans paroles entonnées par les ‘Hasidim’ (Juifs orthodoxes). Les mélodies traditionnelles employées dans les quatre mouvements de A Little KlezmerSuite ont toujours été populaires lors des cérémonies de mariage et autres fêtes juives.

(Mbd-8). Composed by Oscar Tschuor. For concert band. Catalogue Marches Vol. 1. Molenaar Marching Series. Recorded on Marching Europeans (ML.311002720). Grade 2. Full set. Duration 2 minutes, 28 seconds. Published by Molenaar Edition

Concert Band/Harmonie - Grade 2.5

SKU: BT.AMP-124-010

Composed by Philip Sparke. Debut Series. Classical. Set (Score and Parts). Composed 2004. Anglo Music Press #AMP 124-010. Published by Anglo Music Press (BT.AMP-124-010).

English-German-French-Dutch.

Klezmer music originated in the â??shtetlâ?? (villages) and the ghettos of Eastern Europe, where itinerant Jewish troubadours, known as â??klezmorimâ??, had performed at celebrations, particularly weddings, since the early Middle Ages. Since the 16th century, lyrics had been added to klezmer music, due to the â??badkhnâ?? (the master of ceremony at weddings), to the â??Purimshpilâ?? (the play of Esther at Purim) and to traditions of the Yiddish theatre, but the term gradually became synonymous with instrumental music, particularly featuring the violin and clarinet. In recent years it has again become very popular and in A Klezmer Karnival Philip Sparke has used three contrasting traditionaltunes to form a suite that will bring a true karnival atmosphere to any concert.

De wortels van de klezmerstijl liggen in wereldlijke melodieën, populaire dansen, het joodse â??hazanutâ?? (cantorijmuziek) en de â??nigunimâ??, de melodieën die worden gereciteerd door de â??hasidimâ?? (orthodoxe joden). De term werd in de loopder tijden synoniem aan instrumentale muziek, waarin met name de viool en klarinet de hoofdrol spelen. Voor A Klezmer Karnival zijn drie traditionele melodieën gebruikt: Choson kale mazel tov, een bruiloftsdans,Freylekh, een joodse kringdans, en Sherele, een Duitse herdersdans.

Philip Sparke verarbeitete in seinem Werk drei unterschiedliche traditionelle Klezmermelodien: einen Hochzeitstanz mit Glückwünschen für Braut und Bräutigam, einen Rundtanz und einen so genannten Scherentanz. Daraus entstand A Klezmer Karnival, das die dem Klezmer eigene Mischung aus Fröhlichkeit und Melancholie ausgezeichnet wiedergibt. Ein ebenso abwechslungsreiches wie stimmungsvolles Konzertwerk, mit dem Ihr Blasorchester überzeugen wird!

Jouée depuis le Moyen ge par des musiciens juifs itinérants (klezmorim), la musique klezmer est une musique joyeuse colportée de fête en mariage, qui trouve ses origines dans les â??shtetlâ? (villages) et les ghettos dâ??Europe de lâ??Est. A Klezmer Karnival (â??Festival klezmerâ?) de Philip Sparke rassemble trois airs traditionnels : Choson Kale Mazel Tov - une danse nuptiale, Freylekh - une danse juive en cercle et Sherele - littéralement « petits ciseaux » - une danse de bergers, dâ??origine allemande.

Suonata a partire dal Medioevo da giovani musicisti ebrei (klezmorim), la musica klezmer è una musica gioiosa che ha origine nei villaggi (â??shtetlâ?) e nei ghetti dellâ??Europa dellâ??est. A Klezmer Karnival di Philip Sparke raccoglie tre arie tradizionali: Choson Kale Mazel Tov, una danza nuziale, Freylekh, una tipica danza ebraica in cerchio e Sherele (letteralmente piccole forbici), una danza di pastori di origine tedesca.

Band concert band - Grade 4.5

SKU: CF.SPS71

Composed by Carl Strommen. Set of Score and Parts. With Standard notation. 2+16+4+8+8+8+4+4+2+4+4+4+4+6+6+6+4+4+4+4+6+6+6+6+4+8+3+2+12+2+4+28 pages. Duration 6 minutes, 26 seconds. Carl Fischer Music #SPS71. Published by Carl Fischer Music (CF.SPS71).

ISBN 9781491143544. UPC: 680160901043. Key: G minor.

Nordanvind is a tour de force symphonic rhapsody that is built on three Scandinavian folk songs. Composer Carl Strommen has composed these Viking-influenced melodies into a concert setting that brings out all of the history of the Scandinavian people. The piece is at times bold and aggressive, at other times beautiful. Carl employs all of the instrumental colors of the concert band to create a new work for more advanced ensembles.
Modern Scandinavians are descendants of the Vikings, an adventuresome people who were known for their love of the sea, their naval prowess, and as fierce fighters . The Scandinavian Vikings were warriors from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden who traded, raided and settled in various parts of Europe, Russia, the North Atlantic islands, and the northeastern coast of North America .Starting around 1850, over one million Swedes left their homeland for the United States in search of religious freedom and open farm land . Augustana College was founded in 1860 by graduates of Swedish universities and is located on the Mississippi River in Rock Island, Illinois . Home of the “Vikings,” Augustana College is the oldest Swedish- American institution of higher learning in the United States . This powerful and lively piece takes inspiration from Swedish history and from Swedish folk songs and hymns .Havsdrake (Dragon of the Sea)The Nordanvind or “North Wind” blows a cold wind during a journey of a group of courageous Viking rowers . The “Dragon-ship” or long ships designed for raiding and war was a sophisticated, fast ship able to navigate in very shallow water . To musically portray these magnificent seafaring vessels, the director is encouraged to use an Ocean Drum (or a rain stick) during the introduction . Wind players may consider blowing air through their instruments to suggest the North wind . Adding men’s voices to accompany the haunting low brass and percussive “rower” sounds can be helpful in creating the dark and ominous portrayal of Viking adventurers .Slangpolska efter Byss - KalleIn Sweden, a “polska” is a partner dance where the dancers spin each other (släng in Swedish “to sling or toss”) . Slangpolska efter Byss - Kalle is attributed to Byss-Kalle, who was a notable Swedish folk musician, specifically a nyckelharpa player . Slangpolska efter Byss - Kalle is a traditional “polska” dance song most often played on the Nyckelharpa or keyed fiddle and is commonly heard in pubs and at festive events throughout Sweden . Approximately 10,000 nyckelharpa players live in Sweden today, and the Swedish and the American Nyckelharpa Associations are dedicated to this Swedish National instrument . The director is encouraged to share video and audio examples of the nyckelharpa playing the original Slangpolska efter Byss - Kalle .Tryggare Kan Ingen Vara (Children of the Heavenly Father)Tryggare Kan Ingen Vara Is a traditional Swedish melody, possibly of German roots, and was believed to be arranged as a hymn by the Swedish hymn writer, Karolina Wilhelmina Sandell-Berg (1832–1903) . As a daughter of a Swedish Lutheran minister, she began writing poems as a teenager and is said to have written over 1,700 different texts . There are two different accounts as to the inspiration for this hymn . The first story is that Lina (as she was called) wrote the hymn to honor her father and to say thank you to him for raising her and protecting her . A second belief is of her witnessing the tragic death of her father . She and her father were on a boat, when a wave threw her father overboard . It was said that the profound effect of watching her father drown is what caused Lina to write the text to this hymn . Although this is a treasured song to people of Swedish descent everywhere, it speaks to all people about a father tending and nourishing his children, and protecting them from evil .SPS71FThe Augustana College Concert BandFounded in 1874, the Augustana Band program is one of the oldest continuously active collegiate band programs in the country . The Concert Band is one of two bands on campus and was formed more than thirty years ago . The Concert Band attracts students of every skill level and from a wide variety of majors . Students in the ensemble play a large part in choosing their music for performance, which include works from the standard repertoire, orchestral transcriptions, and the latest compositions from leading composers .Rick Jaeschke began his musical career as a clarinet player in the 1st US Army Band . He received a Bachelor of Music degree from Susquehanna University, a Masters of Music from James Madison University, and a doctorate from Columbia University in New York . He was also fortunate to study conducting with Donald Hunsburger and with Frederick Fennell .Dr . Jaeschke taught band and choir at Great Mills High School in Southern Maryland, and for fifteen years, he was the district Music Supervisor in Armonk, New York, where he taught high school concert and jazz bands, beginning band, and music technology . During that time, the music program flourished, and the high school band consistently received Gold Medals in the New York State Festivals, as well as in national, and international festivals . As a clarinet and saxophone player, Dr . Jaeschke performed in the New York metropolitan area with the Rockland Symphony Orchestra, the Putnam Symphony Orchestra, Fine Arts Symphony Orchestra, and served as the concert master for the Hudson Valley Wind Symphony .For several years, Dr . Jaeschke served as the Fine Arts Coordinator for the District 204 schools in Naperville, IL, a district selected as One of the Best 100 Schools in America for Music . Currently, Dr . Jaeschke is an Associate Professor at Augustana College where he teaches music and music education courses, and directs the Concert Band . He has served on various educational boards, is a National edTPA scorer, and has presented at state, national and international music conferences . He lives with his family in Bettendorf Iowa, and enjoys any opportunity to explore the open water in his sea kayak .

For Concert Band. Composed by Otto M. Schwarz. Duration 135 seconds. Hal Leonard #SDP067.21-02. Published by Hal Leonard

Concert Band/Harmonie - Grade 5

SKU: BT.GOB-000589-140

Composed by Jan Bosveld. Score Only. 30 pages. Gobelin Music Publications #GOB 000589-140. Published by Gobelin Music Publications (BT.GOB-000589-140).

Prague, also named ‘The Golden City’, has been the cultural and administrative capital city of the Czech Republic for thousands of years.
The city is beautifully situated on the river Moldau.
Every year millions of tourists visit Prague. It is one of the most popular cities of Eastern Europe. With it's mysterious little squares, dark alley ways and cobblestone streets, the ‘City of the 100 Towers’ is a unique mixture of architecture, dominated by monumental buildings, numerous churches and the oldest castle of Europe.
The Bohemian capital city remains timeless. Visit the fort and be amazed at the lovely views over the Charles Bridge. Spend your time carefully browsing through the little stalls filled with paintings, photos, jewelery and hand-decorated products, accompanied by the sounds of the street musicians in the background.
Notice the famous 15 th century astronomical clock that indicates the time every hour with a parade of the twelve apostles.
When composing this piece, it was Jan Bosveld’s intention to depict the atmosphere of this metropolitan city with over one million inhabitants, rather than to create a fairly literal musical portrait.
One of the many other names of Prague is ‘The City of the Clocks’. This can be heard throughout the piece depicted by the tubular bells.
The piece consists of three movements (slow-fast-slow) and was written in a rhapsodic format.

Jan Bosveld was commissioned to write ‘The Golden City’ by the Dutch Music Lend and Information Centre (MUI), a department of the library for the province of Gelderland in Arnhem, the Netherlands.

Praag is één van de oudste metropolen van Europa. De bijnaam “de Gouden Stad” heeft het te danken aan de goudkleurige koepels op de honderden torens die de stad rijk is.
Vanaf de hooggelegen, majestueuze burcht “Hradcany” heeftmen een prachtig uitzicht op het oude stadsgedeelte. Men ziet de brede, traag stromende Moldau met de vele bruggen waaronder de Karelsbrug met zijn gotische bogen. In het centrum is het een wirwar van kleine straatjes. De tram ishier het ideale vervoermiddel waarbij men steeds schijnt uit te komen op het grote Wenceslasplein.
Hier is de invloed van het westen en de val van het ijzeren gordijn overduidelijk aanwezig in de vorm van schreeuwende lichtreclamesen trendy winkels.
Ondanks deze invloeden en het massatoerisme heeft Praag haar authentieke sfeer voor het grootste deel weten te behouden.
Een van de vele andere namen van Praag is 'De Stad van de Klokken'. Dit kanworden gehoord in heel het stuk, uitgebeeld door de buisklokken.
Het stuk bestaat uit drie bewegingen (langzaam-snel-langzaam) en werd geschreven in een rhapsodisch formaat.

In deze compositie geeft de componistde indrukken van een tweetal bezoeken aan Praag weer.
Het is meer een sfeerbeeld van de stad en zijn bewoners dan een beschrijving van de belangrijkste bezienswaardigheden.

Verplicht werk minirepertorium 2e divisieharmonie.

Concert Band/Harmonie - Grade 5

SKU: BT.GOB-000589-010

Composed by Jan Bosveld. Set (Score & Parts). 172 pages. Gobelin Music Publications #GOB 000589-010. Published by Gobelin Music Publications (BT.GOB-000589-010).

Prague, also named ‘The Golden City’, has been the cultural and administrative capital city of the Czech Republic for thousands of years.
The city is beautifully situated on the river Moldau.
Every year millions of tourists visit Prague. It is one of the most popular cities of Eastern Europe. With it's mysterious little squares, dark alley ways and cobblestone streets, the ‘City of the 100 Towers’ is a unique mixture of architecture, dominated by monumental buildings, numerous churches and the oldest castle of Europe.
The Bohemian capital city remains timeless. Visit the fort and be amazed at the lovely views over the Charles Bridge. Spend your time carefully browsing through the little stalls filled with paintings, photos, jewelery and hand-decorated products, accompanied by the sounds of the street musicians in the background.
Notice the famous 15 th century astronomical clock that indicates the time every hour with a parade of the twelve apostles.
When composing this piece, it was Jan Bosveld’s intention to depict the atmosphere of this metropolitan city with over one million inhabitants, rather than to create a fairly literal musical portrait.
One of the many other names of Prague is ‘The City of the Clocks’. This can be heard throughout the piece depicted by the tubular bells.
The piece consists of three movements (slow-fast-slow) and was written in a rhapsodic format.

Jan Bosveld was commissioned to write ‘The Golden City’ by the Dutch Music Lend and Information Centre (MUI), a department of the library for the province of Gelderland in Arnhem, the Netherlands.

Praag is één van de oudste metropolen van Europa. De bijnaam “de Gouden Stad” heeft het te danken aan de goudkleurige koepels op de honderden torens die de stad rijk is.
Vanaf de hooggelegen, majestueuze burcht “Hradcany” heeftmen een prachtig uitzicht op het oude stadsgedeelte. Men ziet de brede, traag stromende Moldau met de vele bruggen waaronder de Karelsbrug met zijn gotische bogen. In het centrum is het een wirwar van kleine straatjes. De tram ishier het ideale vervoermiddel waarbij men steeds schijnt uit te komen op het grote Wenceslasplein.
Hier is de invloed van het westen en de val van het ijzeren gordijn overduidelijk aanwezig in de vorm van schreeuwende lichtreclamesen trendy winkels.
Ondanks deze invloeden en het massatoerisme heeft Praag haar authentieke sfeer voor het grootste deel weten te behouden.
Een van de vele andere namen van Praag is 'De Stad van de Klokken'. Dit kanworden gehoord in heel het stuk, uitgebeeld door de buisklokken.
Het stuk bestaat uit drie bewegingen (langzaam-snel-langzaam) en werd geschreven in een rhapsodisch formaat.

In deze compositie geeft de componistde indrukken van een tweetal bezoeken aan Praag weer.
Het is meer een sfeerbeeld van de stad en zijn bewoners dan een beschrijving van de belangrijkste bezienswaardigheden.

Verplicht werk minirepertorium 2e divisieharmonie.

Concert Band/Harmonie - Grade 3

SKU: BT.DHP-1063973-140

Arranged by Masato Myokoin. New Sounds for Concert Band. Original Light Music. Score Only. Composed 2006. 28 pages. De Haske Publications #DHP 1063973-140. Published by De Haske Publications (BT.DHP-1063973-140).

9x12 inches. English-German-French-Dutch.

In 1942 Glenn Miller voluntarily joined the army and founded the Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band and with his music he kept up the morale of the troops. In December 1944 he boarded an aircraft in England that would never reach its destination (France) - the plane was never found. The patriotic legend of this great composer however lives on in his music. Pennsylvania 6-5000 was one of the greatest successes of his famous band and is as popular today as it was in the 1940s.

In 1942 meldde Glenn Miller zich aan voor het Amerikaanse leger en richtte hij de Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band op. Met zijn muziek hield hij de moraal van de troepen hoog. In december 1944 ging hij in Engeland aan boord van eenvliegtuig dat zijn bestemming (Frankrijk) niet zou bereiken - het toestel werd nooit gevonden. De patriottische legende van zijn persoon leeft echter voort in zijn muziek. Pennsylvania 6-5000 is nog altijd een van de grootstesuccessen van zijn vermaarde orkest.

Das Thema des bekannten Swing-Standards Pennsylvania 6-5000 entstand im Jahr 1940 während eines dreimonatigen Engagements des Glenn-Miller-Orchesters im New Yorker Hotel Pennsylvania. Bei diesem Thema handelte es sich um nichts anderes als die Vertonung der Telefonnummer des Hotels. Kurz nach dem Aufenthalt im Hotel wurde die Aufnahme des Stückes gemacht, das sich bis heute als absoluter Dauerbrenner erwiesen hat. Masato Myokoin arrangierte die flotte Swingnummer für Blasorchester.

En 1942, Glenn Miller se met au service des forces armées américaines et fonde le Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band. Il part pour l’Europe pour apporter un soutien moral aux troupes. Deux ans plus tard, il disparaît mystérieusement en Manche. Il reste pour le public une véritable légende et ses airs les plus célèbres sont dans toutes les mémoires. Pennsylvania 6-5000 reste l’un des plus grands succès de cet orchestre mythique.

Nel 1942, Glenn Miller si mette al servizio delle forze armate americane e fonda la Glenn Miller Air Force Band. Parte per l’Europa per sostenere moralmente le truppe e, due anni dopo, scompare misteriosamente nel Canale della Manica. Glenn Miller resta una vera leggenda e le sue arie sono celebri in tutto il mondo. Pennsylvania 6-5000 è uno dei più grandi successi di questa mitica orchestra.

Arranged by Brian Beck. Concert Band. Concert Band; Part(s); Score. Alfred Concert Band. Christmas; Sacred; Winter. Grade 3.5. 288 pages. Published by Alfred Music

Score and Parts Concert Band; Concert Band Set (Score & Parts)

SKU: HL.4007969

For Concert Band, Grade 2.5 6:00 Score and Parts. Composed by Otto M. Schwarz. Concert. Softcover. Duration 360 seconds. Hal Leonard #SDP0662102. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.4007969).

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was a painter, sculptor, inventor, philosopher and researcher. He is renowned as the original “Renaissance Man.” “I will preserve the memory of myself in the minds of others” was one of his maxims. Among his most famous works of art are the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man. He left an extensive collection of handwritten documents in his notebooks. These books, known as codices, survive in various volumes such as the Codex Atlanticus, Codex Madrid, Codex Trivulzianus etc.). They include sketches of ground-breaking inventions as well as studies and commentaries which span the gamut of human study. The left-handed da Vinci wrote the texts in mirror writing. Through wars and other upheavals, the documents were scattered throughout Europe and much of his work disappeared. Leonardo da Vinci wanted to leave a kind of encyclopaedia for posterity and, although it is estimated that up to 80% of his manuscripts were lost, some 6,000 individual documents survive to this day, the contents of which in many cases were only understood centuries later.