SKU: CF.YAS13F
ISBN 9780825848339. UPC: 798408048334. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: G major.
IApart from some of his Sonatinas, Opus 36, Clementi's life and music are hardly known to the piano teachers and students of today. For example, in addition to the above mentioned Sonatinas, Clementi wrote sixty sonatas for the piano, many of them unjustly neglected, although his friend Beethoven regarded some of them very highly. Clementi also wrote symphonies (some of which he arranged as piano sonatas), a substantial number of waltzes and other dances for the piano as well as sonatas and sonatinas for piano four-hands.In addition to composing, Clementi was a much sought after piano teacher, and included among his students John Field (Father of the 'Nocturne'), and Meyerbeer.In his later years, Clementi became a very successful music publisher, publishing among other works the first English edition of Beethoven's Violin Concerto, in the great composer's own arrangement for the piano, as well as some of his string quartets. Clementi was also one of the first English piano manufacturers to make pianos with a metal frame and string them with wire.The Sonatina in C, Opus 36, No. 1 was one of six such works Clementi wrote in 1797. He must have been partial to these little pieces (for which he also provided the fingerings), since they were reissued (without the fingering) by the composer shortly after 1801. About 1820, he issued ''the sixth edition, with considerable improvements by the author;· with fingerings added and several minor changes, among which were that many of them were written an octave higher.IIIt has often been said, generally by those unhampered by the facts, that composers of the past (and, dare we add, the present?), usually handled their financial affairs with their public and publishers with a poor sense of business acumen or common sense. As a result they frequently found themselves in financial straits.Contrary to popular opinion, this was the exception rather than the rule. With the exception of Mozart and perhaps a few other composers, the majority of composers then, as now, were quite successful in their dealings with the public and their publishers, as the following examples will show.It was not unusual for 18th- and 19th-century composers to arrange some of their more popular compositions for different combinations of instruments in order to increase their availability to a larger music-playing public. Telemann, in the introduction to his seventy-two cantatas for solo voice and one melody instrument (flute, oboe or violin, with the usual continua) Der Harmonische Gottesdienst, tor example, suggests that if a singer is not available to perform a cantata the voice part could be played by another instrument. And in the introduction to his Six Concertos and Six Suites for flute, violin and continua, he named four different instrumental combinations that could perform these pieces, and actually wrote out the notes for the different possibilities. Bach arranged his violin concertos for keyboard, and Beethoven not only arranged his Piano Sonata in E Major, Opus 14, No. 1 for string quartet, he also transposed it to the key of F. Brahm's well-known Quintet in F Minor for piano and strings was his own arrangement of his earlier sonata for two pianos, also in F Minor.IIIWe come now to Clementi. It is well known that some of his sixty piano sonatas were his own arrangements of some of his lost symphonies, and that some of his rondos for piano four-hands were originally the last movements of his solo sonatas or piano trios.In order to make the first movement of his delightful Sonatina in C, Opus 36, No. 1 accessible to young string players, I have followed the example established by the composer himself by arranging and transposing one of his piano compositions from one medium (the piano) to another. (string instruments). In order to simplify the work for young string players, in the process of adapting it to the new medium it was necessary to transpose it from the original key of C to G, thereby doing away with some of the difficulties they would have encountered in the original key. The first violin and cello parts are similar to the right- and left-hand parts of the original piano version. The few changes I have made in these parts have been for the convenience of the string players, but in no way do they change the nature of the music.Since the original implied a harmonic framework in many places, I have added a second violin and viola part in such a way that they not only have interesting music to play, but also fill in some of the implied harmony without in any way detracting from the composition's musical value. Occasionally, it has been necessary to raise or lower a few passages an octave or to modify others slightly to make them more accessible for young players.It is hoped that the musical value of the composition has not been too compromised, and that students and teachers will come to enjoy this little piece in its new setting as much as pianists have in the original one. This arrangement may also be performed by a solo string quartet. When performed by a string orchestra, the double bass part may be omitted.- Douglas TownsendString editing by Amy Rosen.
About Carl Fischer Young String Orchestra Series
This series of Grade 2/Grade 2.5 pieces is designed for second and third year ensembles. The pieces in this series are characterized by:--Occasionally extending to third position--Keys carefully considered for appropriate difficulty--Addition of separate 2nd violin and viola parts--Viola T.C. part included--Increase in independence of parts over beginning levels
SKU: CF.CAS7
ISBN 9780825847578. UPC: 798408047573. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: D major.
When you have the good fortune to visit Red Rock country in the southwestern United States, you will all at once feel that majesty and beauty in the towering red landscape. You can trek, bike, paddle, ride horseback or drive through the canyons, past the strangely shaped rocks and over the enormous boulders. Each time you turn a corner you will be dazzled by yet another magnificent vista. The Red Rock areas in Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico formed millions of years ago when that part of North America was primarily under water. The water left behind the shells and skeletons of sea creatures that gradually turned into limestone and similar rocks. Beginning 225 million years ago, the earth's crust began to move and the seabed slowly rose. Streams entering the shallow water deposited mud and sand that turned into shale and marine sandstone. As the land continued to rise and dry out, some of the rocks oxidized (combined with oxygen) and turned red in color. Subsequently the area was covered with sands that eventually compressed into what is called Aztec sandstone. Sometimes, when iron was concentrated in the rock, the sandstone turned a bright red color. Following the introduction, the music in Red Rock Rag takes on a typical ragtime melody and rhythm. It then transitions by changing key, time signature and the structure into a swing waltz. At m. 60, it moves into a combined time signature of one measure of 3/4 time and two measures of 2/4 time with an occasional lick in the bass line. Finally, it moves back into the swing-waltz style and finishes with the original ragtime melody. Red Rock Rag is challenging stylistically and rhythmically. It would be appropriate to study both the ragtime and swing styles while working on it.When you have the good fortune to visit Red Rock country in the southwestern United States, you will all at once feel that majesty and beauty in the towering red landscape. You can trek, bike, paddle, ride horseback or drive through the canyons, past the strangely shaped rocks and over the enormous boulders. Each time you turn a corner you will be dazzled by yet another magnificent vista. The Red Rock areas in Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico formed millions of years ago when that part of North America was primarily under water. The water left behind the shells and skeletons of sea creatures that gradually turned into limestone and similar rocks. Beginning 225 million years ago, the earth's crust began to move and the seabed slowly rose. Streams entering the shallow water deposited mud and sand that turned into shale and marine sandstone. As the land continued to rise and dry out, some of the rocks oxidized (combined with oxygen) and turned red in color. Subsequently the area was covered with sands that eventually compressed into what is called Aztec sandstone. Sometimes, when iron was concentrated in the rock, the sandstone turned a bright red color. Following the introduction, the music in Red Rock Rag takes on a typical ragtime melody and rhythm. It then transitions by changing key, time signature and the structure into a swing waltz. At m. 60, it moves into a combined time signature of one measure of 3/4 time and two measures of 2/4 time with an occasional lick in the bass line. Finally, it moves back into the swing-waltz style and finishes with the original ragtime melody.A Red Rock RagA is challenging stylistically and rhythmically. It would be appropriate to study both the ragtime and swing styles while working on it.When you have the good fortune to visit Red Rock country in the southwestern United States, you will all at once feel that majesty and beauty in the towering red landscape. You can trek, bike, paddle, ride horseback or drive through the canyons, past the strangely shaped rocks and over the enormous boulders. Each time you turn a corner you will be dazzled by yet another magnificent vista. The Red Rock areas in Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico formed millions of years ago when that part of North America was primarily under water. The water left behind the shells and skeletons of sea creatures that gradually turned into limestone and similar rocks. Beginning 225 million years ago, the earth's crust began to move and the seabed slowly rose. Streams entering the shallow water deposited mud and sand that turned into shale and marine sandstone. As the land continued to rise and dry out, some of the rocks oxidized (combined with oxygen) and turned red in color. Subsequently the area was covered with sands that eventually compressed into what is called Aztec sandstone. Sometimes, when iron was concentrated in the rock, the sandstone turned a bright red color. Following the introduction, the music in Red Rock Rag takes on a typical ragtime melody and rhythm. It then transitions by changing key, time signature and the structure into a swing waltz. At m. 60, it moves into a combined time signature of one measure of 3/4 time and two measures of 2/4 time with an occasional lick in the bass line. Finally, it moves back into the swing-waltz style and finishes with the original ragtime melody.A Red Rock RagA is challenging stylistically and rhythmically. It would be appropriate to study both the ragtime and swing styles while working on it.When you have the good fortune to visit Red Rock country in the southwestern United States, you will all at once feel that majesty and beauty in the towering red landscape. You can trek, bike, paddle, ride horseback or drive through the canyons, past the strangely shaped rocks and over the enormous boulders. Each time you turn a corner you will be dazzled by yet another magnificent vista. The Red Rock areas in Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico formed millions of years ago when that part of North America was primarily under water. The water left behind the shells and skeletons of sea creatures that gradually turned into limestone and similar rocks. Beginning 225 million years ago, the earth's crust began to move and the seabed slowly rose. Streams entering the shallow water deposited mud and sand that turned into shale and marine sandstone. As the land continued to rise and dry out, some of the rocks oxidized (combined with oxygen) and turned red in color. Subsequently the area was covered with sands that eventually compressed into what is called Aztec sandstone. Sometimes, when iron was concentrated in the rock, the sandstone turned a bright red color. Following the introduction, the music in Red Rock Rag takes on a typical ragtime melody and rhythm. It then transitions by changing key, time signature and the structure into a swing waltz. At m. 60, it moves into a combined time signature of one measure of 3/4 time and two measures of 2/4 time with an occasional lick in the bass line. Finally, it moves back into the swing-waltz style and finishes with the original ragtime melody. Red Rock Rag is challenging stylistically and rhythmically. It would be appropriate to study both the ragtime and swing styles while working on it.When you have the good fortune to visit Red Rock country in the southwestern United States, you will all at once feel that majesty and beauty in the towering red landscape. You can trek, bike, paddle, ride horseback or drive through the canyons, past the strangely shaped rocks and over the enormous boulders. Each time you turn a corner you will be dazzled by yet another magnificent vista. The Red Rock areas in Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico formed millions of years ago when that part of North America was primarily under water. The water left behind the shells and skeletons of sea creatures that gradually turned into limestone and similar rocks. Beginning 225 million years ago, the earth's crust began to move and the seabed slowly rose. Streams entering the shallow water deposited mud and sand that turned into shale and marine sandstone. As the land continued to rise and dry out, some of the rocks oxidized (combined with oxygen) and turned red in color. Subsequently the area was covered with sands that eventually compressed into what is called Aztec sandstone. Sometimes, when iron was concentrated in the rock, the sandstone turned a bright red color. Following the introduction, the music in Red Rock Rag takes on a typical ragtime melody and rhythm. It then transitions by changing key, time signature and the structure into a swing waltz. At m. 60, it moves into a combined time signature of one measure of 3/4 time and two measures of 2/4 time with an occasional lick in the bass line. Finally, it moves back into the swing-waltz style and finishes with the original ragtime melody. Red Rock Rag is challenging stylistically and rhythmically. It would be appropriate to study both the ragtime and swing styles while working on it.When you have the good fortune to visit Red Rock country in the southwestern United States, you will all at once feel that majesty and beauty in the towering red landscape. You can trek, bike, paddle, ride horseback or drive through the canyons, past the strangely shaped rocks and over the enormous boulders. Each time you turn a corner you will be dazzled by yet another magnificent vista.The Red Rock areas in Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico formed millions of years ago when that part of North America was primarily under water. The water left behind the shells and skeletons of sea creatures that gradually turned into limestone and similar rocks. Beginning 225 million years ago, the earth's crust began to move and the seabed slowly rose. Streams entering the shallow water deposited mud and sand that turned into shale and marine sandstone. As the land continued to rise and dry out, some of the rocks oxidized (combined with oxygen) and turned red in color. Subsequently the area was covered with sands that eventually compressed into what is called Aztec sandstone. Sometimes, when iron was concentrated in the rock, the sandstone turned a bright red color.Following the introduction, the music in Red Rock Rag takes on a typical ragtime melody and rhythm. It then transitions by changing key, time signature and the structure into a swing waltz. At m. 60, it moves into a combined time signature of one measure of 3/4 time and two measures of 2/4 time with an occasional lick in the bass line. Finally, it moves back into the swing-waltz style and finishes with the original ragtime melody. Red Rock Rag is challenging stylistically and rhythmically. It would be appropriate to study both the ragtime and swing styles while working on it.
SKU: CF.CAS10
ISBN 9780825847615. UPC: 798408047610. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: G major.
With this arrangement, my goal is to maintain the integrity of the original work, while making it accessible to the younger orchestra. An important aspect of the successful performance of this piece is maintaining an energetic tempo. The repeated eighth notes in the accompaniment should be played cleanly and crisply to maintain momentum. There are many places where abrupt changes in dynamics occur. For example, m. 1 begins with a string unison forte, which suddenly drops to piano at m. 11. Accents, staccatos, and other articulations should be carefully observed. To be effective, crescendos should begin at a reasonable volume, so they have somewhere to go dynamically. I hope you and the orchestra enjoy this arrangement.With this arrangement, my goal is to maintain the integrity of the original work, while making it accessible to the younger orchestra. An important aspect of the successful performance of this piece is maintaining an energetic tempo. The repeated eighth notes in the accompaniment should be played cleanly and crisply to maintain momentum. There are many places where abrupt changes in dynamics occur. For example, m. 1 begins with a string unisonA forte, which suddenly drops toA piano at m. 11. Accents, staccatos, and other articulations should be carefully observed. To be effective, crescendos should begin at a reasonable volume, so they have somewhere to go dynamically. I hope you and the orchestra enjoy this arrangement.With this arrangement, my goal is to maintain the integrity of the original work, while making it accessible to the younger orchestra. An important aspect of the successful performance of this piece is maintaining an energetic tempo. The repeated eighth notes in the accompaniment should be played cleanly and crisply to maintain momentum. There are many places where abrupt changes in dynamics occur. For example, m. 1 begins with a string unison forte, which suddenly drops to piano at m. 11. Accents, staccatos, and other articulations should be carefully observed. To be effective, crescendos should begin at a reasonable volume, so they have somewhere to go dynamically. I hope you and the orchestra enjoy this arrangement.With this arrangement, my goal is to maintain the integrity of the original work, while making it accessible to the younger orchestra. An important aspect of the successful performance of this piece is maintaining an energetic tempo. The repeated eighth notes in the accompaniment should be played cleanly and crisply to maintain momentum. There are many places where abrupt changes in dynamics occur. For example, m. 1 begins with a string unison forte, which suddenly drops to piano at m. 11. Accents, staccatos, and other articulations should be carefully observed. To be effective, crescendos should begin at a reasonable volume, so they have somewhere to go dynamically. I hope you and the orchestra enjoy this arrangement.
About Carl Fischer Concert String Orchestra Series
This series of pieces (Grade 3 and higher) is designed for advancing ensembles. The pieces in this series are characterized by:
SKU: CF.YAS1
ISBN 9780825840630. UPC: 798408040635. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: G major.
Moonlight Shadows is a passionate and colorful piece for strings that explores the expressive power of the string orchestra. Sean O'Loughlin uses a lush harmonic palette and variety of texture (including a short pizzicato section), to create an important and soulful addition to the repertoire for younger string ensembles. Duration: 2'30.Moonlight Shadows is a work for string orchestra that reflects my great love for the music of Samuel Barber. His compositions from the 1930s and 1940s were characterized by plush harmonies, flowing melodies and engaging suspensions. These elements are what I focused on in the composition of Moonlight Shadows.The material represents my mood and feelings when I look at a big, bright moon. The shadows it casts create an eerie feeling, while at the same time providing a deep, rich tapestry for the earth at night.The harmony features many major seventh-chords with half-step suspensions. These suspensions function as common tones to the next chord and create the tension of the piece. They also move, in order to provide resolution to the piece which allows the listener to rest. With this in mind, these suspensions should be brought out during performance.Moonlight Shadows is an emotional piece that allows the young musician the opportunity to play with much expression.
SKU: CF.CAS37
ISBN 9780825863660. UPC: 798408063665. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: C major.
A salute to the famous sailboat race, this rollicking piece in A minor introduces compound time with an opening (and closing) section in 12/8. The fast flowing music of the opening, vividly suggestive of a ship slicing through the waves, returns in a higher key (B minor) after a warmly scored, sweepingly melodic middle section. This is a piece whose sophistication is an excellent showcase for a more advanced performing group.Written in 12/8 in A minor, America’s Cup evokes the intensity and momentum of a wild sea with driving triplets, sweeping melodies, and accented downbeats. The A-material from the opening measure is played aggressively but lightly enough to keep the feeling of forward motion. Strong accents and rhythmically precise playing in the cello and bass provide solid support for the fast moving violin and viola passages. Measure 67 begins the slow, pastoral setting of the B-material. A gentle, lyrical violin motive in A major grows into a high, sweeping melody over sustained harmonies. This provides a brief repose before returning to the fastoriginal tempo and minor key as the recapitulation begins at m. 90. A modulation to B minor (m. 94) lifts the energy of the piece and gives young players the challenge of playing the running lines in another key. Measure 118 builds to the end, keeping the intensity a soft dynamic and growing into the final syncopated tutti unison figure in mm. 122–123.
SKU: CF.CAS36
ISBN 9780825863646. UPC: 798408063641. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: F major.
A warm and richly scored setting of the popular Christmas carol Bring a Torch Jeanette, Isabella, this full sounding arrangement will greatly enrich seasonal programming. Roy Phillippe has employed a broad palette of harmonic and instrumental colors to craft a memorable holiday selection.Bring a Torch is a lovely Christmas carol. Using techniques such as suspensions, re-harmonization and modulations, my goal is to provide an interesting showcase for this familiar melody. the introduction in F major features sustained violins with a pattern of moving eighth notes in the violas and cellos. This pattern recurs throughout the piece. The first statement of the melody is in the first violins. The second violins supply harmonic support along with the viola/cello pattern. Measures 13-29 feature a section of tutti chordal playing. Measure 30 crescendos into the modulation to D major at m. 32. Here, the dynamic is forte, and the viola/cello pattern returns. At m. 40, the violas and cellos have the melody with violin accompaniment. A crescendo begins at m. 44 and builds to fortissimo at m. 48, featuring a modulation to G major. At this point the melody should soar. A descrescendo at m. 60 is followed by a ritard at m. 64. The final four measures are in the original tempo ending on a tutti chord.Careful attention to dynamics, especially in the accompanying parts, will result in a fine performance.
SKU: CF.YAS19
ISBN 9780825854859. UPC: 798408054854. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: D major.
Summer Dance is a melodic, up-tempo piece with plenty of musical and technical challenges for every player. Musicians should strive to play it with an energetic yet legato feel. A spirited introduction features an opening melody in the violins and active repeated-note pedal patters in the violas and low strings. An AABA form begins at m.5 and the orchestration is immediately pared down to feature violin I and cello. It then builds again in density to the B section, where a quick dynamic drop allows a question-and-answer melody between the two parts to sing out. In m. 29, the melody is harmonized and a countermelody in violin I introduced. The violins take the melody soaring in octaves in m. 33, as the piece again builds to the B section and suddenly quiets. Measure 55 then provides more question-and-answer interplay, this time for viola and cello, while violin continues with its newly harmonized melody. Summer Dance finishes with a soft recurrence of the opening figure and a build toward a powerful divisi voicing on beat 3 of m. 63, right before the final chord.Summer Dance is a melodic, up-tempo piece with plenty of musical and technical challenges for every player. Musicians should strive to play it with an energetic yetA legato feel. A spirited introduction features an opening melody in the violins and active repeated-note pedal patters in the violas and low strings. An AABA form begins at m.5 and the orchestration is immediately pared down to feature violin I and cello. It then builds again in density to the B section, where a quick dynamic drop allows a question-and-answer melody between the two parts to sing out. In m. 29, the melody is harmonized and a countermelody in violin I introduced. The violins take the melody soaring in octaves in m. 33, as the piece again builds to the B section and suddenly quiets. Measure 55 then provides more question-and-answer interplay, this time for viola and cello, while violin continues with its newly harmonized melody. Summer Dance finishes with a soft recurrence of the opening figure and a build toward a powerfulA divisi voicing on beat 3 of m. 63, right before the final chord.Summer Dance is a melodic, up-tempo piece with plenty of musical and technical challenges for every player. Musicians should strive to play it with an energetic yet legato feel. A spirited introduction features an opening melody in the violins and active repeated-note pedal patters in the violas and low strings. An AABA form begins at m.5 and the orchestration is immediately pared down to feature violin I and cello. It then builds again in density to the B section, where a quick dynamic drop allows a question-and-answer melody between the two parts to sing out. In m. 29, the melody is harmonized and a countermelody in violin I introduced. The violins take the melody soaring in octaves in m. 33, as the piece again builds to the B section and suddenly quiets. Measure 55 then provides more question-and-answer interplay, this time for viola and cello, while violin continues with its newly harmonized melody. Summer Dance finishes with a soft recurrence of the opening figure and a build toward a powerful divisi voicing on beat 3 of m. 63, right before the final chord.Summer Dance is a melodic, up-tempo piece with plenty of musical and technical challenges for every player. Musicians should strive to play it with an energetic yet legato feel.A spirited introduction features an opening melody in the violins and active repeated-note pedal patters in the violas and low strings. An AABA form begins at m.5 and the orchestration is immediately pared down to feature violin I and cello. It then builds again in density to the B section, where a quick dynamic drop allows a question-and-answer melody between the two parts to sing out.In m. 29, the melody is harmonized and a countermelody in violin I introduced. The violins take the melody soaring in octaves in m. 33, as the piece again builds to the B section and suddenly quiets. Measure 55 then provides more question-and-answer interplay, this time for viola and cello, while violin continues with its newly harmonized melody. Summer Dance finishes with a soft recurrence of the opening figure and a build toward a powerful divisi voicing on beat 3 of m. 63, right before the final chord.
SKU: CF.CAS44
ISBN 9780825867118. UPC: 798408067113. 8.5 X 11 inches. Key: G minor.
This is a tour-de-force for the advancing string orchestra. Beautiful, dramatic, and flowing, Waterloo Station is very fresh and contemporary. Students will love it for the lush harmonic textures and rhythmic drive that this composer is so noted for.Composed as a characterization of the fast-paced atmosphere of London’s Waterloo Train Station, this fast-slow-fast piece combines technical excitement with heartfelt simplicity.The fast section in G minor consists of two main parts: the intense, emotional A section at m. 21 and the legato, sweeping B section at m. 59. The syncopated tutti figures in the high strings coupled with the fiery cello and bass lines propel the fast sections. The phrase in mm. 1–8 recurs throughout. Making four- to eight-measure exercises of this section below tempo in the violins and viola, focusing on rhythmic clarity, will help to lock in the syncopation. Similarly, the cello and bass should rehearse this slowly as well as mm. 9–16 to gain fluidity and insure a solid foundation.The cellos carry the tune at m. 71, and the ensemble builds from mm. 79–86 to the transition at m. 87. An abrupt change to half tempo here slows the momentum and transitions to a quiet, melancholy tone in m. 91. The middle section (ABA) begins in G minor with a somber quality, highlighted by the Violin I solo. It gradually builds to a beautiful, uplifting setting as it moves to G major in m. 100. Returning back to the hushed G minor tonality, it then speeds up again and transitions back to Tempo I for a brief recapitulation of the fast section. Measure 117 marks the return to vigorous playing, beginning softly and building to a thrilling ride to the end.
SKU: CF.BAS88
ISBN 9781491164730. UPC: 680160923649. Key: G major.
Using just 6 notes, Arco Echo explores G major in first position using only easy quarter- and half-note rhythms. A smooth detaché call-and-response between upper and lower string sections will help young students learn to listen across the ensemble, building confidence in simple three-part harmony with doubled Violin 2/Viola and doubled Cello/Bass. Optional piano is included for additional support, making this a fun first venture into independent counting.Arco Echo is a lighthearted piece for beginning string orchestra. It falls within the range of the first-year player. Young musicians can work on basic detaché bowing skills with a nice mix of half- and quarter-note rhythms, including some rests and minimal dynamic changes. All of the sections get a chance to play parts of the melody with an echo game of call-and-response between upper and lower string sections. The harmonies are very clear and direct, resulting in a solid concert selection that will give the young orchestra a big, confident sound.
About Carl Fischer Beginning String Orchestra Series
This series of Grade 1 pieces is designed for first year string groups. The pieces in this series are characterized by:
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